LIBRARY OF^CQNGRESS. 

Cliap.^^^o^Tight No. __. 

Shelf_...ti.6. 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



THE 



RULING ELDER AT WORK'*! 



BY 




Rev. j: ASPINWALL HODGE, D.D. 

Author of "What is Presbyterian Law?" 



NEW YORK 

A. D. F. RANDOLPH COMPANY 
1897 




Copyright, 1897, by 
A. D. F. RANDOLPH COMPANY 



Press of J. J. Little & COo 
Astor Place, New York 



PREFACE 



We have many excellent books on the office of 
the Ruling Elder. It has been shown to be a divine 
ordinance in every dispensation of the church of 
God, and an essential part of the Form of Govern- 
ment taught in the Old and Xew Testaments. The 
nature of this office, its dignity, importance, respon- 
sibilities and rewards; the manner and spirit in 
which its duties are to be performed; its trials and 
encouragements; and wherein it differs from the 
other permanent offices of the church, have been 
carefully set forth. ]\Iy experience, however, as 
Pastor and Teacher, has convinced me, that both in 
our Seminaries and congregations, instruction in 
church polity should be practical as well as theo- 
retical. Our students feel this, when they enter 
upon the active duties of the ministry. 1 am not 
surprised that Ruling Elders also are desiring 
instruction, in a practical form, concerning their 
office and duties. 

In this little book, I have attempted to meet the 
demand, by personating a Ruhng Elder under a 
Pastor well qualified to develop his efficiency. The 
experiences narrated, questions considered, respon- 
sibilities encountered, difficulties and encourage- 
ments met, are real occurrences, and form part of 
the life of every Elder, who is efficient in the Session 



PREFACE 



and higher judicatories. The information given is 
drawn, partly from the Constitution of our church 
and the decisions of the General Assembly inter- 
preting it; and partly from personal study and 
observation during two. long pastorates under very 
different circumstances. The value of which may 
by some be questioned. Some of the cautions 
and suggestions, concerning certain forms of chris- 
tian activity, now very popular, will not meet with 
general favor, but are commended to the serious 
consideration of all. 

The book was prepared for Elders, but may be an 
aid to Pastors in their work, and in developing the 
efficiency of their church officers. It may lead 
them, and the candidates for the ministry, to take a 
deeper interest in larger works on church polity 
and pastoral theology. 

J. AspiNWALL Hodge. 

Lincoln University, Chester Co., Pa., 
May I, 1897. 



vi 



TABLE OF CONTENTS 



CHAPTER PAGE 

I. Nominated a Ruling Elder . . . i 
II. Elected Ruling Elder . . . .13 

III. Ordained a Ruling Elder . . . .18 

IV. The Moderator and Quorum of Session. 22 
V. The Church Districted . . . .26 

VI. Receiving Members to the Communion . 29 
VII. Sessional Meeting after the Communion 43 
VIII. Infant Baptism 50 

IX. Dismissions .59 

X. Baptized Members 66 

XL Sabbath Schools 70 

XII. Young People's Associations . . .78 

XIII. Missionary Societies ..... 85 

XIV. The Trustees 93 

XV. The Annual Meeting 107 

XVI. Private Meetings of Session . . .113 

XVII. Discipline 1-19 

XVIII. Appeals and Complaints . . . .133 

vii 



TABLE OF CONTENTS 



CHAPTER PAGE 

XIX. Pastor's Vacation . . . . . 138 
XX. Candidates for the Ministry . . . 148 
XXI. Delegates to Presbytery . . • .161 
XXII. Elder at Presbytery 165 

XXIII. The Synod ....... 174 

XXIV. The General Assembly . . . .181 

XXV. Resignation of Pastor . . . .188 

XXVI. Vacant Church 200 

Index 211 



viii 



The Ruling Elder at Work 



I 

NOMINATED. A RULING ELDER 

The Pastor of our church has just informed me, 
that the Session has decided that the number of 
Elders should be increased. This has long been 
regarded necessary. A meeting of the church will 
soon be called for that purpose. I am troubled, 
because the Session desire to nominate me as one 
of the new Elders. I wanted to decline at once, 
but the Pastor informs me that I should with care 
and prayer consider what may be my duty. He 
urges that, while the communicants have the privi- 
lege to nominate and elect their own representa- 
tives, they have the right to expect the advice of 
the Session, as its members are in a position to con- 
sider the questions involved more fully than the 
communicants can. They are required constant^ to 
observe the christian character and efficiency of the 
members of the church, and are thus prepared to 
judge of the personal qualifications of those to be 
nominated. From their intimate knowledge of the 
people, they should be able to propose those who 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



would be most acceptable to the various classes in 
the congregation, and who can best represent them. 
And being well acquainted with the peculiarities of 
themselves and of the Pastor, they can best select 
those who are qualified to cooperate with them in 
maintaining the unity of the church and the spirit- 
uality of the members. On the other hand, the 
Session ought not to be a self-perpetuating body. 
It should impart the information which it possesses, 
and give advice, but the communicants can nomi- 
nate and elect whom they please. Our Session, 
feeling the responsibility, had, after long and serious 
consideration, by a unanimous vote, determined to 
nominate me as one of the new Elders. 

The question is, therefore, distinctly before me, 
and I must consider it. The deliberate judgment 
of the officers of the church demands respect, and 
my Pastor adds that he knows that the desire is 
general in the congregation to have me an Elder. 
He has helped me much, instructing me as to the 
nature of the office and of the call to it. The Elder- 
ship is a scriptural office and the most ancient. It 
was instituted by the great Head of the church. It 
differs from the ceremonial and typical offices — 
those of the prophets, priests, and kings of the old 
dispensation, which prefigured Christ and His re- 
demptive work; and from the extraordinary and 
temporary offices of Apostles, Workers of miracles, 
etc., of the new dispensation, which were for im- 
portant emergencies and for temporal service. It 
differs from that of the Minister, who is the repre- 
sentative or ambassador of God, to preach the gos- 

2 



NOMINATED A RULING ELDER 



pel, persuading men in Christ's stead to be recon- 
ciled to God, and who presides in church courts, 
ordains, administers the sacraments, and pro- 
nounces the benediction. And it differs from that 
of the Deacon, who is ordained to serve tables, and 
see that no class of the poor is neglected in the 
daily ministrations. The Eldership is the most 
ancient and permanent office in the church. 
Through all dispensations it has remained essen- 
tially the same in character and work. The Elders 
exercised their functions under the Patriarchs; 
when the church in the family became that of a 
race in bondage in Egypt : when delivered and en- 
tering in covenant with God at Sinai; when wander- 
ing in the wilderness under Moses; conquering their 
possessions under Joshua; disciplined, during the 
times of the Judges; in the undivided, and in both 
sections of separated Kingdoms of Israel and 
Judah; during the Babylonian captivity; at the time 
of Christ's ministry; and in the Xew Testament 
Church as established by the Apostles. And John 
beheld them before the throne, with those which 
were redeemed from the earth." Its dignity and 
importance is therefore beyond all question. 

The character and functions of this office have 
always been the same. Our Form of Government 
says, Ruling Elders are properly the representa- 
tives of the people, chosen by them for the purpose 
of exercising government and discipline in con- 
junction with Pastors or ^linisters. This office has 
been understood, by a great part of the Protes- 
tant Reformed Churches, to be designated in the 

3 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



Holy Scriptures by the title of governments; and 
of those who rule well, but do not labor in the 
word and doctrine/' They were so treated in 
Egypt when the tasks of the people were not ful- 
filled, and Moses brought to the tribes God's prom- 
ise of deliverance. What he said to them, was said 
to the whole congregation. When they bowed and 
worshipped, or murmured, it was the act of all the 
people. When the Lord revealed Himself and will 
to the Elders, He entered into covenant with all 
Israel. So through all the history of the Old and 
New Testaments the Elders were the representa- 
tives of the congregation, spake in their name and 
acted for them. When the Apostles assembled the 
Elders, and charged them and wrote to them, they 
regarded them as the church. Their communica- 
tions were not to them as individuals, but as repre- 
sentatives of the people to whom they must report 
God's word. 

And their function was to rule; that is, to apply 
the law of God to all those under their supervision. 
The ceremonial observances were under the direc- 
tion of the Priests. But all offences against the 
moral law, violations of duty towards God and 
towards man, wrongs against person and property, 
and all controversies between man and man, were 
brought before the Elders. The establishment of 
the kingdom made no change in this respect. Mat- 
ters of national policy were determined by the king 
and his officers, but whatever concerned personal 
conduct and relations, was, even in the apostate 
kingdom, decided by the Elders. No distinction 

4 



NOMINATED A RULING ELDER 



was made between civil and religious offences. All 
misdemeanors under the Theocracy were sins 
against God and His church, as wt\l as wrongs 
against men, and this is still true. The Romans 
interfered as little as possible with the forms of 
government in the lands which they conquered. 
The authority of the Elders and their courts w^ere 
in full force during the life of Christ. And the 
Apostles ordained Elders in every church, and 
charged them to rule well, to take heed to all the 
flock, over which the Holy Ghost hath made them 
overseers. 

To this office the Session wish to nominate me. 
Were it the ministry, I should first have felt the 
internal call of the Holy Ghost furnishing me with 
gifts and inclining me to consecrate myself to 
Christ's service as His ambassador to men. The ex- 
ternal call from the church w^ould follow and confirm 
my conviction. But in the case of the eldership, 
the call from the church must come first. The 
judgment of my qualifications, my adaptability to 
cooperate w^ith the existing officers, and my accept- 
ability to the members of the church, must be 
determined by the Session and the congregation. I 
am not in a position to form a correct opinion, but 
must accept their decision, unless the Spirit shows 
me that they haA'e made a mistaken estimate of my 
character, and that I could not serve the church to 
the edification of the members. My shrinking from 
responsibility; unwillingness to be regarded as a 
leader in spiritual things, and the conviction that 
others are better qualified, should not deter me. 

5 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



Such estimate of the office and of self by another, 
I would regard as important indication of fitness. 
My past inactivity in church work ; and even hesita- 
tion to take a prominent part in the prayer meet- 
ings, can not be urged as an excuse, for I know that 
the wrong should be corrected, and the office will 
encourage and stimulate me to be more faithful 
as a communicant. If I am called to be an Elder, 
by the church and by Christ, business engage- 
ments, social and family duties and pleasures must 
not stand in my way. Proper arrangements must 
be made, that nothing may interfere with the higher 
obligations of my office. The dignity and responsi- 
bility of the Eldership are not generally understood, 
because its divine origin and claims are not duly 
recognized. My fidelity must not be determined, nor 
measured, by that of those now in office, nor by what 
the people may expect. The Word of God must 
be my only guide. I will have to give myself wholly 
to this ministry. Self-denial will often be required, 
but should be joyfully rendered. My sole motive 
should be to please Christ, in serving His church, 
and advancing His cause. Special grace is promised 
to those who take the oversight of His people. I 
cannot, therefore, oppose the wish of the Session, 
unless there be something in the vows, to be taken 
at ordination, which I am unable to assume. These 
are as follows: 

I. Do you believe the Scriptures of the Old 
and New Testaments to be the Word of God, the 
only infallible rule of faith and practice? " 

This question is put to all who teach, rule or 
6 



NOMINATED A RULING ELDER 



serve in our church. It consists of two statements. 
That the Bible is the Word of God and in this 
differs from all other books. It not only contains, 
but is, the Word of God. Holy men wrote it, but 
only as they were moved by the Holy Ghost. It is 
not necessary that I should understand how this 
was accomplished, nor that I adopt somiC particular 
theory of inspiration. I must hold that the Bible 
is the very Word of God. The other statement is, 
that this Bible is the only rule of faith and practice. 
It claims to be the source of all doctrine, " of what 
we are to believe concerning God, and of what duty 
God requires of man.'' It must be recognized as 
the supreme and sole authority in the church. 
Only what it declares to be sin is sin — and offenders 
are to be dealt with according to its directions. 
Since it is the Word of God, it is infallible — without 
mistake or error. Our English translation may not 
be exact, and interpretations may be wrong, but the 
Scriptures of the Old and the Xew Testaments are 
infallible. 

2. Do you sincerely receive and adopt the 
Confession of Faith of this church as containing 
the system of doctrine taught in the Holy Scrip- 
ture?" Communicants are not required to adopt 

The Confession of Faith," — they are received on 
their knowledge of the plan of salvation, their pro- 
fession of personal faith in Jesus Christ and their 
understanding of the nature of the sacraments. They 
are to be taught in the doctrines of the church. 
But all the officers, ^Ministers, Elders, and Deacons, 
are required to acknowledge that the Confession of 

7 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



Faith states the system of doctrine taught in the 
Bible, and to adopt it as the expression of their 
own behef and as the truth which they will teach 
and exemplify. There may be some expressions 
in the Confession of Faith which they do not ap- 
prove, and statements of doctrines which they do 
not hold. But they must receive and adopt the 
system of doctrine and all that is essential to that 
system. I must therefore carefully read this part 
of the Constitution of the church, and if I find in it 
anything which I think is contrary to Scripture and 
my belief, I must have a free conversation with my 
Pastor. 

3. " Do you approve of the government and 
discipline of the Presbyterian Church in these 
United States? " Reference is here made to The 
Form of Government " and to the Book of Disci- 
pline." These I must carefully study, comparing 
their provisions with the statements of Scripture, 
that I may intelligently express my approval of 
them. The three principles of Presbyterianism, as 
taught in the Form of Government, are, first, that 
Ministers are the highest officers in the church and 
are of equal authority; second, that the people have 
a right to take part in the government of the church, 
and that they do so by representatives chosen by 
them; and, third, that the Church is one, and this 
unity is expressed and maintained by Courts of 
Review and Appeal. This secures uniformity of 
doctrine and practice in all parts of the church and 
gives to every one the privilege of the judgment 
of the whole body. The Episcopal form is mon- 

8 



NOMINATED A RULING ELDER 



archial — the ^^linisters are of three orders, the 
Deacons being subject to the Priests and these to 
the Bishops, and the laity have no part in the gov- 
ernment of the church. The Congregational form 
is democratic ; all authority concerning doctrine and 
discipHne is in the male communicants of the in- 
dividual church, and when a council of churches is 
called, only advice is given. The Presbyterian form 
is republican : the government is by representatives. 
Representation is, according to the Old and New 
Testaments, the fundamental principle of doctrine 
and polity. The covenants of works, of redemp- 
tion, and of grace are the development of it in doc- 
trine. In church government, Christ is the Head 
of His people and stands for them before the throne. 
Ministers are His ambassadors and exercise author- 
ity in His name. Elders represent the people, and 
as such share with the ministers the oversight of the 
church. 

4. Do you accept the office of Ruling Elder 
in this congregation, and promise faithfully to per- 
form all the duties thereof? There is nothing in 
this that should cause me to hesitate. The duties 
will be new^ to me, and I must be willing to learn 
v\diat they are, and how they should be performed. 
By prayer I can obtain divine guidance, and my 
Pastor and the present members of the Session will 
instruct and help me. 

5. Do you promise to study the peace, unity, 
and purity of the Church?'' This touches the ob- 
ject for which God has instituted this office. The 
peace is the loving harmony of the members. They 

9 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



have diverse characters and each has his faults and 
sins. These appear in the home, in social and busi- 
ness life, in public worship, and christian activity. 
They often cause 'debates, envyings, wraths, strifes, 
back-bitings, whisperings, swellings, tumults," and 
antagonistic parties in the congregation. These 
ought not to be so much as named among chris- 
tians. They should be guarded against and re- 
proved, but they can be eradicated only by bringing 
christians near to Christ in character and conduct. 
Loving Him, they will learn to forgive and forbear, 
.loving one another in Him. He who studies the 
peace of the church must himself live near Christ, 
and at all times manifest His spirit in dealing with 
men. 

The unity of the church includes the mutual 
recognition and sociability of the members, their 
sympathy, their understanding and maintaining the 
same system of doctrine, encouraging and helping 
each other in the duties, temptations, and trials 
peculiar to each, and in their activity in christian 
work. All should be employed, each with his own 
gifts doing his own part and cooperating with all. 
It includes also their loyalty to the worship and 
operations of their own church, the knowledge of 
the different courts and their functions, and an 
interest and participation in the general work of 
the denomination, especially as conducted by the 
Boards established by the General Assembly. This 
unity is to be maintained by sound instruction, 
through competent teachers, in the pulpit, Sabbath 
school. Young People's Association, and Mission- 

lO 



NOMINATED A RULING ELDER 



ary Societies and Bands. Special attention should 
be given to the teaching of the young. In studying 
the unity of the church, I should have a clear know- 
ledge of the doctrines taught in the Scriptures, in 
the Confession of Faith and in the Catechisms, and 
see that these are taught. Loyalty to the particular 
church, and the unifying of its members and of the 
denomination in faith and practice, should lead to a 
recognition of individuals and bodies worshipping 
the same divine Christ and depending on His 
redemption, as parts of the church of Christ, which 
consists of all those persons, in every nation, to- 
gether with their children, who make profession of 
the holy religion of Christ and of submission to 
His laws." We should lead our communicants to 
respect their membership, worship, discipline and 
ministry. 

The purity of the church depends upon the truth 
taught. What we are, is determined by what we 
believe. Departure from the pure truth very 
quickly leads to practices contrary to the gospel. 
The instruction given to the old and young must 
be pure, free from all vagueness and adulterations. 
This purity of the doctrine must be exemplified in 
the lives of all the members. Persistent wrong- 
doers must be excluded from the communion of the 
church. Yet discipline in all its forms has for its 
object, not the punishment but the reformation of 
offenders. It must be exercised, therefore, with the 
meekness of Christ, with much patience and love. 
Expulsion should be resorted to only when all other 
means have failed to produce consistent christian 

II 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



living. In studying the purity of the church, the 
Elder should have a proper supervision of the mem- 
bers, guarding the young from temptation, warning 
and entreating those who are being led into sin and 
recalling those who have wandered. His own life 
must be pure, through the constant study of the 
Word, and by a prayerful conformity to Christ's 
will in spirit and act. 

I notice that the communicants are to make cor- 
responding vows — to receive me as an Elder, and 
to yield to me that honor, encouragement and 
.obedience in the Lord, to which the office, accord- 
ing to the Word of God and the Constitution of 
this church entitles me/' This will make the re- 
sponsibility of the Eldership much lighter and 
should render it delightful. With their confidence 
and prayers much spiritual good should result to 
them and to me. I find, therefore, nothing in these 
vows to hinder my accepting the office, but much 
to encourage and help me in so doing, should I be 
elected. 



12 



II 



ELECTED RULING ELDER 

It has been known for some time that an election 
for Elders would be held. According to our Form 
of Government, the Session called a meeting of the 
church for this purpose. Due notice was given 
from the pulpit on Sabbath (usually ten days' notice 
is given, that all members may be informed and 
make arrangements to be present). The Pastor, 
being ^Moderator of the Session, presided, and the 
Clerk of Session recorded the minutes. The Pastor 
announced the object of the meeting, reading the 
resolution of Session, calling it. He then stated 
the warrant and nature of the office of Ruling 
Elder, together with the character proper to be 
sustained and the duties to be fulfilled. 

One of the members proposed that our church 
adopt the Rotary Eldership — as provided in the 
Form of Government, chapH;er xiii., section 8, and 
urged as its advantages — that the aged, inefficient, 
and those anxious to be relieved of responsibility 
might be easily and honorably retired, that yearly 
elections would make the Elders more truly rep- 
resentatives of the people, and that a rotation in 
office would bring a greater number of communi- 
cants into christian responsibility and w^ork, and 

13 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



thus the whole congregation would become better 
instructed in our form of church government. This 
was seconded. Others urged that these advantages 
of the rotary system were more supposed than real, 
and did not counterbalance the acknowledged evils 
of the excitement and the disturbances of annual 
elections, the hurt feelings of those rotated out of 
office, the rise of parties to secure, or prevent, re- 
elections, the instability of the character of the Ses- 
sion, the lessening the sense of responsibility of 
those in office, the depriving the Pastor of his offi- 
cial advisers when trained to be of real service to 
him, and the decrease of the influence of the church 
in the higher courts, necessitating the sending in- 
experienced delegates. It was decided to retain 
the permanent system. The Pastor expressed his 
satisfaction, stating that he felt sure that his pastoral 
work would be more efficient when surrounded by 
experienced Elders, who had long known the com- 
municants and who were permanently to share with 
him the responsibilities of office. There are legiti- 
mate methods of retiring Elders when they became 
inefficient or unacceptable, and new men should 
from time to time be introduced into the Session, 
when it may appear expedient, and proper persons 
can be found. 

He further stated, that it was the privilege of the 
members of the church to nominate and elect their 
own representatives. But it was also their right 
to expect advice from the Session, who had the con- 
stant supervision of the communicants. He there- 
fore called on the Clerk to read the nominations 

14 



ELECTED RULING ELDER 



made by the Session, reminding the members that 
other nominations were in order, and all were per- 
fectly free to vote for those considered by them 
most desirable. Other nominations were made. 
One was Rev. ^Ir. Alexander, a retired ]^Iinister,, 
a teacher in the Sabbath school, and efficient 
helper in the work and worship of the church. The 
^loderator spoke highly of him. but decided this 
nomination to be out of order, as the General As- 
sembly had affirmed that a ^linister could not serve 
as Ruling Elder. 

The question was asked — Who had the right to 
vote? The ^loderator replied — All the commtmi- 
cants in good standing, male and female, of what- 
ever ages. Baptized members, not communicants, 
could not vote : nor those regularly attending otir 
service and supporting our ordinances but whose 
membership was elsewhere: nor ^Ministers, for they 
are not under the supervision of the Session. 

The election was by ballot. Tellers were ap- 
pointed by the [Moderator to collect and count the 
votes, and report to him the result. Those nomi- 
nated by the Session were all elected, except one, 
and another was chosen, who had been nominated 
by a member at this meeting. He was assured that 
he would be cordially received by the Session. We 
were requested to take this action of the church 
into serious consideration, and to be present at the 
next meeting of Session, prepared to give our de- 
cision, that arrangements may be made for our 
ordination and installation. The clerk then read 
the minutes, which were approved, and the meeting 

^5 



THE RULING ^LDER AT WORK 

adjourned with prayer. The records were pre- 
served in a book kept for the minutes of meetings 
called by the Session. The records of other con- 
gregational meetings are kept in another book, in 
the charge of the Trustees or Deacons. 

Had the rotary system been adopted, the existing 
Elders, while retaining their Eldership, would cease 
to be acting Elders or members of the Session; if 
reelected, they would not be reordained, but must 
be reinstalled. The Elders elected to form the 
Session under that system would be divided into 
three classes to serve one, two and three years. This 
division could be made either at the time of election, 
or by those elected, meeting for that purpose before 
the ordination and installation. The former mem- 
bers of Session would be, of course, eligible and 
might be nominated as Elders on the rotary system. 
There would be an election each year for one third 
of the Session, and those elected must be chosen to 
serve three years, unless to complete the unexpired 
term of one who has ceased to be an acting Elder. 
In all cases there must be an installation before any 
can become a member of the Session. Should the 
congregation wish at any time to return to the per- 
manent Elder system, it can be accomplished by a 
vote of the communicants. 

When we, the Elders-elect, met the Session, we 
were warmly greeted by the Pastor and the Elders. 
We were each asked in turn, if we were ready to 
accede to the expressed desire of the church. We 
replied in the affirmative. It was resolved that the 
ordination take place next Sabbath morning. One 

i6 



ELECTED RULING ELDER 



of our number had been an Elder in another 
church, but he is to be installed at the same time 
with us. We were much impressed with the seri- 
ousness of all the members, with the orderly yet 
informal manner of conducting the business, and 
with the free and confidential conversation held 
concerning the spiritual condition of the congre- 
gation and of the individual communicants. We of 
course had no vote at this meeting, but it was an 
important introduction to our work. It was pro- 
posed to district the congregation, that each Elder 
might have special supervision over a certain dis- 
trict, visiting those living therein, and keeping the 
Pastor informed of the sick and others needing his 
ministrations. This will make our work more 
definite and pleasant. 



^7 



Ill 



ORDAINED A RULING ELDER 

In his sermon the Pastor stated the ''warrant and 
nature of the office of RuHng Elder, together with 
the character to be sustained and the duties to be 
fulfilled by the officers elect." I was glad that I 
had, by previous meditation and prayer, prepared 
for this solemn service. I felt that I was obeying 
Christ's call, and making my vows to Him, when, 
with the others, I stood before the Pastor (the exist- 
ing Elders standing with him), and assented to the 
five required vows. The communicants then arose 
and answered the question put to them—" Do you, 
the members of this church, acknowledge and re- 
ceive these brethren as Ruling Elders, and do you 
promise to yield them all that honor, encourage- 
ment and obedience in the Lord, to which their 
office, according to the Word of God, and the con- 
stitution of this church, entitles them? " We then 
knelt before the Pastor, and he ordained us by 
prayer with the laying on of his hands. The ordi- 
nation is sometimes without the laying on of hands. 
He who had been previously ordained, was asked 
only the fourth and fifth questions and was de- 
.clared with us duly installed over this church. The 
Pastor welcomed us to the Session, and the Elders 

i8 



ORDAINED A RULING ELDER 



said to each of us — " We give you the right hand of 
fellowship to take part of this office with us/' thus 
publicly welcoming us, and pledging sympathy and 
cooperation. The Pastor then gave charges, or 
exhortations, to us, and to the members of the 
church concerning our relations and new duties. 
The whole service Vv'as impressive and will exert a 
lasting influence on those present. I pray that I 
may always remember my responsibility to Christ, 
and the vow^s which I have now made to Him and 
before His church. 

I have been placed in authority as an Elder. Yet 
I am myself svibject, with all other communicants, to 
the jurisdiction of the Session. For any inconsis- 
tency of conduct or unfaithfulness in christian or 
official activity, or disloyalty to the church or Pas- 
tor, the Session should call me to account, and the 
more so because I am an Elder, set over others as 
their example and guide. 

My ordination did not make me a Minister. I 
am one of the Pastor's official advisers, but can 
not share his ministerial authority, or responsibility; 
nor can I, with the other Elders, call in question 
his fidelity. He is accountable to the Presbytery. 
In all his relations to the Session and church, he 
exercises Presbyterial supervision. As an Elder, I 
am to labor under his direction, to assist him in his 
knowledge of the people, in the services of the 
church and Sabbath schools, and in more private 
ministrations, to maintain his honor and authority 
in the congregation. I am to exercise government 
and discipHne, but only in conjunction with Pas- 

19 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



tors or Ministers/' As an Elder, I can call the 
attention of the Deacons to any case of need in the 
congregation, but have no control over the poor 
fund, which is solely under their charge. Nor have 
I any control over the finances of the church. 
These are administered, according to the act of 
incorporation or the charter, by the Deacons or 
Trustees. To them belongs the care of the real 
estate and other properties, the collection of money, 
the payment of salaries and bills, the care of the 
buildings and the preparation of them for such 
uses and at such times as are determined by the 
Session. My responsibility in this respect as a 
member of Session can extend only to when and 
how the church buildings shall be used. 

The members of Session are charged with main- 
taining the spiritual government of the congrega- 
tion." This is an important responsibility, and 
distinct from that committed to others. My advice 
and help may often be desired and should be freely 
given, but I have no authority in other matters, 
and should not interfere with the work belonging 
to other officers. There is nothing in our Form of 
Government to forbid an Elder being elected a 
Trustee. In small churches this is often necessary, 
but in the larger ones it is seldom expedient. In 
some places, however, it has been found desirable 
that one member of the Session should be on the 
Board of Trustees to. secure mutual understanding 
and harmonious cooperation. Where there are no 
Deacons, the care of the poor and of the poor fund 
devolves on the Session. Should an Elder cease to 

20 



ORDAINED A RULING ELDER 



be an active Elder, and be elected Deacon, the 
offices being distinct, he must be ordained as 
Deacon and installed as such. 

Once a year the records of the Board of Deacons 
must be examined and approved by the Session. 



21 



IV 



THE MODERATOR AND QUORUM OF 
SESSION 

The Pastor was anxious ,to have the plan of dis- 
tricting the congregation adopted, so that the 
Elders might enter at once on their organized work. 
He had intended to call a meeting of Session after 
the Wednesday evening prayer meeting. But the 
night proved very stormy, and only two of the 
Elders were present. He alone can call a meeting 
and must himself be present. Our Form of Gov- 
ernment does not determine what notice should be 
given, but implies that the Pastor shall use discre- 
tion and courtesy in giving due notice to each 
member of Session. He, being present with two 
Elders, could have held a meeting that evening; this 
being a legal quorum, however large the Session 
may be. But as the matter to be considered was 
of much importance and concerned all the mem- 
bers, he deemed it inexpedient to hold a meeting. 
We had a long informal talk on the subject of dis- 
tricting the congregation and concerning the quo- 
rum of Session. He answered two questions which 
had puzzled me. 

First, Why in a Session consisting only of the 
Pastor and two Elders, all the members are required 

22 



THE MODERATOR AND QUORUM OF SESSION 



to form a quorum? The sickness, or the necessary 
or wilful absence, of one, would prevent the trans- 
action of business. He replied that the Minister 
should always be present, as representing the Pres- 
bytery and exercising its supervision. His function 
was to m.oderate rather than to rule. The real 
responsibility of government should be on the 
Elders, the representatives of the people. Were 
only one Elder present, the power would in fact be 
in the hands of the Minister. The people would 
not have a substantial part in the government of the 
church, which is one of the great principles of Pres- 
byterianism. When there is but one Elder, this is 
unavoidable. The disadvantage, however, is not 
serious, because the church in that case would be 
small, and would have but few cases of importance, 
or of discipline; and it would be temporary, only 
amtil the church increased in numbers. When 
there are but tw^o Elders, it is evident that both 
should take part in all that is done. It need never 
be difficult to arrange the place and time of meeting 
to suit the convenience of three men. If one of 
these Elders has removed from the place, or wilfully 
refuses to act, or has withdrawn from the church 
without resigning his office, the other Elder is to be 
regarded as the only Elder. Those who have 
removed to a distance, or who for any reason can 
not, or will not, perform their duties of attending 
the services of their church and of taking the over- 
sight of the congregation, should be requested to 
resign their office. Should they neglect to do so, 
the fact should be reported to Presbytery, that 



23 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



permission may be obtained to retire them from the 
active duties of the ofifice, or they should be cited 
to answer charges for neglect. 

The other question was, Why in a large Session, 
say of twelve Elders, only two are necessary to 
constitute a quorum? The Pastor replied: In a 
large church there would be a great deal of mere 
formal business, which would be greatly delayed, 
if nothing could be done until a majority could be 
secured. The Elders of such a church would be 
busy men, in secular and church work, and would 
find it difficult to attend frequent meetings to act in 
these matters, while at any sacrifice they would be 
present when important business was to be trans- 
acted. Each Elder is the representative of the 
whole church, and is competent to act in the name 
of all. Two Elders, under the leadership of the 
Pastor, are therefore sufficient to form a quorum. 
They represent the communicants and would have 
the controlling vote. All questions of law and 
order are determined of course by the Pastor. 

I asked what should be done if the Minister was 
sick, or on his vacation, and a meeting was neces- 
sary? His reply was. When the Pastor is to be 
absent for some time, he, " with the concurrence 
of the Elders," should appoint a Minister of the 
same Presbytery to call and moderate meetings. 
Should he be sick, he should be consulted, unless 
too ill, in which case the Elders should invite a 
Minister to preside (but always of the ^ame Pres- 
bytery), or if this be impracticable, one of their own 
number may preside. But such Moderator should 

24 



THE MODERATOR AND QUORUM OF SUSSION 



be careful that only routine business be attended 
to, and that nothing be done contrary to the known 
wishes of the Pastor, in whose place and name he 
presides. In the event of the Pastor's death, the 
Elders should invite another ^Minister of the same 
Presbytery to act until the Presbytery can appoint 
a ^Moderator. The one thus appointed is the only 
one authorized to call a meeting or to preside. If 
at any time it is impracticable, without great incon- 
venience, to secure the presence of a ^Minister of the 
same Presbytery, the Session may proceed without 
one, calling on one of themselves to take the ]\Iod- 
erator's chair. In such a case, only necessary rou- 
tine business should be transacted. " It is especially 
expedient, when the Session is constituted for judi- 
cial business, that there be a presiding ^Minister,** 
because he is presumed to be better acquainted 
with the provisions of our Book of Discipline; and 
the supervision of Presbytery, through him., is more 
necessary than in ordinary business. There are 
times also " when for prudential reasons, it may 
appear advisable that some other 3.1inister [than 
the Pastor] should be invited to preside: in which 
case the Pastor may, with the concurrence of the 
Session, invite such other ^linister as they may 
see meet, belonging to the same Presbytery, to 
preside in that case." 



V 



THE CHURCH DISTRICTED 

We held our meeting of Session, and adopted the 
plan proposed. Some of the older members hesi- 
tated, objecting that it might lessen the interest of 
the several Elders in the body of communicants, if 
each had a special charge of a few. They had not 
been accustomed to systematic visiting, and did not 
feel qualified or inclined to undertake it. The Pas- 
tor, however, said that experience proved that the 
special charge of a few communicants increased 
the feeling of responsibility and interest in all, and 
qualifications for duties could be developed only 
by practice. The older should encourage the new 
members of the Session. The plan was adopted. 
As far as possible the districts were arranged to in- 
clude twenty or twenty-five families in each. Often 
they include more. This division of the communi- 
cants is sometimes made according to the nation- 
alities in the Church, or according to the conven- 
ience or preference of the Elders. For many reasons, 
it was thought best that they should make it accord- 
ing to the residences of the communicants. Each 
Elder was requested to prepare a district roll book, 
which should contain a description of the bounds of 
his district; the names of the members living in it; 

26 



THE CHURCH DISTRICTED 



their addresses, occupation, date of membership; 
connection of each communicant with organizations 
for church work; the number, ages, and names of 
all the children; the names of their teachers in the 
Sabbath school; their addresses if absent from home; 
whether they have been baptized and had pro- 
fessed faith; and a wide column for remarks which 
might be useful for further entries. Such books 
are in use in Scotland, and prove very helpful to 
Elders in their work. They can easily be prepared 
to suit the convenience of each church. Our visits 
were to be sociable yet official. We were urged 
to become acquainted with each communicant in 
our district, to ascertain as far as possible the spir- 
itual condition of the members of each household, 
to report to the Superintendent the names of those 
not attending the Sabbath school, to the Deacons 
all cases of sickness and need, and to the Pastor 
those to whom his visits would prove of special ser- 
vice. We were to learn who in our districts were 
not attending any church or Sabbath school, and to 
select members of the church to help us in visiting 
them. 

This seemed at first very formidable. But after 
I had prepared my book and entered upon the 
work, I greatly enjoyed it. All received me pleas- 
antly, and expressed satisfaction that the Session 
was taking a deeper interest in them. I found 
three cases of real need, who had been unwilling to 
ask for aid. The Deacons have promptly attended 
to them. I reported to the Pastor the sickness of 
a member who had felt hurt that he had not called, 

27 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 

although she had been confined to bed for four 
weeks. I showed her that it was unreasonable to 
suppose that he could know of her sickness, when 
even her next door neighbor was not aware of it. 
My visit seemed to do her good; the Pastor will call 
at once. 

I have become much interested in a young man. 
He was brought up a Roman Catholic, but while 
here, away from home, he has attended our services 
and read the Bible. He has learned that Jesus 
Christ alone can forgive sins, and is the only in- 
tercessor between God and man. He believes that 
he has been converted, and has long desired to unite 
w^ith our church, but has been hindered by the op- 
position of his mother, and because no one of our 
people has spoken to him. I must tell the ushers, 
and some of the men and women, to make it their 
duty to welcome strangers to our services. His 
mother does not forbid him, but is grieved that he 
thinks of leaving the Romish Church. He has a 
companion who had never attended church, until 
induced by him to come to our services. A great 
change is apparent in their lives. They consented 
to call with me on the Pastor, who, after instructing 
them for some time, encouraged them to appear 
with others before the Session. 



28 



VI 



RECEIVING MEMBERS TO THE 
COMMUNION 

Our Elders were much pleased and encouraged 
with the first results of their district visitation. 
Quite a number were found ready to profess their 
faith. Several certificates were obtained which 
ought to have been presented before. Our com- 
munion was approaching, and the Pastor had been 
for some time holding a communicants' class. The 
Session held a special meeting to examine candi- 
dates. It is usual for the applicants to assemble in 
the church and to come one by one before the Ses- 
sion. This gives the Elders a better opportunity 
to judge of their qualifications than if they should 
all come together. Sometimes when the candi- 
dates have been under the instruction of the Pastor, 
several come at the same time for examination, 
care being taken that important questions be put 
to each. This was done in the present case. The 
Pastor conducted the examination, inquiring as to 
their knowledge of the plan of salvation, their per- 
sonal faith in Christ, and their ability to discern 
the Lord's body — that is, their understanding the 
spiritual character of the Sacrament. The Elders 
had each the opportunity to ask further questions. 

29 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



One young woman said that vshe had not read the 
Confession of Faith, and was not therefore pre- 
pared to say that she had assented to all its doc- 
trines, and one man said he had carefully examined 
it, but could not accept what was taught concerning 
the baptism of children on the faith of their parents. 
Others said, that they had been brought up on the 
Shorter Catechism, and had found every thing in 
it taught in the Bible. The Pastor informed them, 
that while it was a great help to know and receive 
all contained in the Standards, it was not required 
that those admitted to the communion should as- 
sent to these doctrines. Belonging to the church, 
they must expect to be instructed in her doctrines.' 
Our church requires for membership only what the 
Bible does, viz., faith in Jesus Christ, the knowledge 
that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God, the only 
Saviour, who has accomplished our salvation by 
His life and death; or, as our catechism expresses 
it, Faith in Jesus Christ is a saving grace, whereby 
we receive and rest upon Him alone for salvation, 
as He is offered to us in the Gospel." This profes- 
sion must be credible, that is, one that can be be- 
lieved; of this the Session must be the judge. If it 
indicates no repentance for sin, no love for Christ, 
nor desire to keep His commandments, it is not 
credible. But when the faith io credible, the Session 
must receive the candidate, whatever may be his ig- 
norance or doubts concerning other doctrines. The 
Session does not declare him to be a Christian, they 
cannot see the heart. They only decide that his pro- 
fession of faith and repentance is credible, and there- 

30 



RECEIVING MEMBERS TO THE COMMUNION 



fore welcome him to the communion with other pro- 
fessors. Those who are thus received are to be fur- 
ther instructed in the truth. The doctrines which 
are contained in the Word of God, we beheve to be 
those stated in the Standards of our church. The 
officers are required to accept these doctrines, be- 
cause they are to instruct the members and to direct 
them in christian Uving and activity. This state- 
ment of the Pastor satisfied all, and the Session, 
on motion, approved the examinations of the appli- 
cants and received them to the communion of the 
church. This motion is sometimes made after the 
applicants have retired for a time, that the Session 
may consult more freely in private. The Pastor 
then form.ally announced to them the decision, and 
offered a prayer of thanksgiving for their conver- 
sion and voluntary consecration to Christ's service, 
and of petition that the Spirit would help and keep 
them in godly living, teaching them continually of 
His grace and glory. After this he, and the several 
Elders in turn, took each of them by the hand, wel- 
coming him to the communion of the church. The 

Clerk of Session was careful to record their names 

» 

in full, and the names of the husbands of the two 
married women. Each was informed who was the 
Elder of the district in which he lived. 

This is sometimes, wrongly, called uniting with 
the church." Most of these were members by birth, 
being the seed of believers. Their covenant right 
was recognized under the Old and New Dispensa- 
tions, and in their cases was acknowledged at their 
baptism. As members of the church, they have a 

31 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



right to all the privileges thereof, but they must 
possess certain qualifications before they can par- 
take of them. It is their right and duty to come to 
the Lord's table, but they must have knowledge, 
personal faith and ability to discern the Lord's 
body, before they can be admitted. When the 
Session is satisfied that their profession is credible, 
that they possess these quaHfications, they are re- 
ceived into the communion of the church." 

A question arose in regard to the baptism of 
my two young men. One had been baptized in 
the Romish Church in infancy, and the other did 
not know whether he had been baptized, nor 
whether either of his parents was a member of 
any church. The Pastor said undoubtedly this 
young man ought to be baptized. In regard to 
the other, the General Assembly, in 1845, declared 
that Romish baptism was invalid; but in 1875 said 
" that the decision of this question is left to the 
judgment of each church Session, guided by the 
principles governing the subject of baptism, as laid 
down in the Standards of our church." After dis- 
cussion, it was decided that he also should be bap- 
tized. This was his own wish. These two young 
men were requested to present themselves before 
the congregation on the next Sabbath morning for 
baptism. 

One of the young women who had been re- 
ceived, asked that she might be immersed. This 
caused some surprise. The Pastor , said he would 
see her in a few days. When she had retired the 
Elders began to discuss the question, but were soon 

32 



RECEIVING MEMBERS TO THE COMMUNION 



informed, that the Elders were to decide who were 
to be admitted to seaHng ordinances, but it was the 
prerogative of the ^^linister to determine how the 
Sacraments were to be administered. He had been 
interested while listening to our opinions. He after- 
ward told us, that he could find no case of immersion 
mentioned in the Xew Testament, and that sprin- 
kling was the true Scriptural form. He had a long 
talk with the young woman, and found that she had 
some Baptist friends, who had influenced her. Her 
preference was not the result of conviction that im- 
mersion was the proper mode. He feared at first 
that she desired notoriety, but she seemed rather 
to wish to gratify her friends. He succeeded in 
showing her the impropriety of going contrary to 
the custom of our church, which he proved to her 
was the Scriptural mode. She eagerly withdrew her 
request. He further told us, that he might in some 
cases consent to immerse, but it was not probable. 

After all the applicants had retired, the Pastor 
said he had received certificates of dismission to 
this church from several persons. Some of these 
were in regular form and with proper dates. These 
communicants were on motion received, and the 
Clerk was directed to send a certificate of reception 
to each church from which members are received 
by us; for they remain under the jurisdiction of 
those churches tmtil it is certified that they have 
been accepted by us. 

One of the certificates was regular in form and 
signature, but was without date. The lady assured 
us that she had just received it, on her application 

33 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



sent a week ago. She was well known to the mem- 
bers of the Session, and had worshipped with us for 
some time. On motion she was received and her 
name added to the roll. 

Another was in regular form, but dated two years 
ago. But as the young man had at first no settled 
place of residence, and during the last eighteen 
months w^as living within the bounds of our con- 
gregation and acceptably engaged in church work, 
it was resolved that his name be added to the 
. roll 

Another was in the form used by the church in 
Scotland, which does not dismiss members to 
particular churches. Another had been obtained 
before the man had decided where to locate, but 
he was well known by one of the Elders as a consist- 
ent christian. It was resolved that these two be 
received into the communion of our church. 

Another certificate was a qualified one — that is, 
one which stated that Mary Brown had been a 
member in good and regular standing until three 
years ago, when she married and removed from the 
bounds of her church; since which time the Ses- 
sion had not known of her residence, nor anything 
of her christian life, until last month she sent a 
request for a certificate of dismissal to unite with 
our church. The Pastor stated that he had written 
to the Minister of the Congregational Church, where 
she had been attending services, and he reported 
favorably of her consistent character and warmly 
recommended her as a worthy Christian. She was, 
therefore, on motion received. 

34 



RECEIVING MEMBERS TO THE COMMUNION 



A similar certificate was received from a man 
who had been a travelHng agent for two years, and 
of whose conduct during that time nothing could 
be learned, although he made a favorable impres- 
sion during the month he had been within our 
bounds. It was, after some discussion, decided to 
lay this qualified certificate on the table for two 
months, that the Elders might have the opportunity 
of becoming better acquainted with him. 

Another certificate was of a member under sus- 
pension, who had sent with it a letter urging that he 
might be received, and stating that he was ready to 
express penitence for the oftence mentioned in the 
certificate and to give proof of reformation. The 
Pastor had asked him why he had not sent to his 
own Session a written acknowledgment of his fault 
and a request for restoration to the communion of 
the church. He had replied, he thought some 
of the members of that Session were prejudiced 
against him, and as he had lived for some time in 
our midst he could more easily here present proofs 
of his reformation. The Session decided that it 
was not in order, to receive him, as he was under 
the jurisdiction of the Session which had suspended 
him, until he was restored by that Session, and regu- 
larly dismissed as in good standing. He was re- 
commended, therefore, to send his request for res- 
toration to his Pastor, and if his request was refused 
and he considered that injustice was done, he could 
appeal to Presbytery. The Pastor stated that had 
the church been very distant, and requested our 
Session to assume jurisdiction, we could have re- 

35 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



ceived him, and on satisfactory evidence of repent- 
ance and reformation we could have restored him, 
but we could not have reviewed or reopened the 
case. 

Another certificate was from the Swedenborgians 
but could not be received, nor could one from a 
Unitarian congregation. The Pastor and one of 
the Elders were appointed to visit and confer with 
these persons on the subject of doctrine and per- 
sonal religion. 

Letters from two ladies in our congregation were 
presented, stating that they were communicants in 
good standing, one in an Episcopal and the other 
in a Baptist Church, and that they had applied for 
certificates to unite with our church, and had been 
refused on the ground that those churches were not 
in the habit of dismissing their members to other 
denominations. The Clerk of Session was desired 
to reply to their communications, and request them 
to apply, for certificates of membership — which, if 
granted, would be accepted by our Session under 
the circumstances. If these were refused, they 
could be welcomed as members of our church on 
profession of faith. 

A man knocked at the door, saying that he 
had heard the Session was holding a meeting, and 
he desired to be received as a communicant. He 
had been a member in the old country, and in com- 
ing to this country ten years ago he had received a 
certificate. This had, however, been lost. He had 
written for another, but his Pastor had died and the 
records of the church were very defective and his 

36 



RECEIVING MEMBER^ TO THE COMMUMOX 



name could not be found. He acknowledged his 
neglect of duty, and his absence from the ordi- 
nances of the church for a considerable time after 
he came to this country. He expressed sorrow, 
and stated that for the last six months he had been 
living a different life. Since the death of his wife, 
he had attended church-services and earnestly de- 
sired to be reconnected with God's people. He 
was unknown to the Session, although he had often 
been seen in church. After a full conversation 
with him, he was requested to renew his application 
at the next communion season. In the meanwhile, 
the Pastor and the Elders will have frequent con- 
versations with him. If everything is then satis- 
factory he may be received on profession of faith. 
He stated he had a daughter, who was only ten 
years old, but of good understanding, having been 
carefully taught by her mother. She was anxious 
to unite on profession of her faith, but he had told 
her that she must wait several years before she 
would be old enough to take such a step. The 
Pastor replied, that the Bible did not forbid little 
children to come to Christ, or to confess Him be- 
fore men. Age is not mentioned as a qualification 
of church membership. If she possessed a knowl- 
edge of the plan of salvation, and had a personal 
faith in Christ, and manifested that faith by love to 
Him and a desire to please Him. there was no 
reason why she should not be received: indeed it 
would be wrong to deny her. He would be pleased 
to call on her soon, and see how^ far prepared she 
was; the Elder of her district would also have 

37 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



frequent conversations with her before the next 
communion. 

Another man presented himself for membership. 
He was a communicant in a neighboring church, 
but he had taken offence at something the Pastor 
had said in a sermon, and had a difficulty with one 
of the Elders and some of the people. He had 
obtained a regular dismission to our church, which 
he presented. The Session had a long talk with 
him, and urged him to return to his own church, 
seeking a reconciliation with his Pastor and mem- 
bers. This he refused to do, and claimed his right 
to be received on his regular certificate, which was 
in all respects in order. He then retired while we 
deliberated. Some thought we had no option in 
the case, that his certificate could not be rejected 
without discourtesy and offence to the church 
which had granted it. The Pastor, however, in- 
formed us that our Form of Government acknowl- 
edges the right of every court to decide on the 
qualifications of its members, and of the Session 
to determine who shall be admitted to its commun- 
ion. This includes the duty of inquiring if the 
applicant's known character and conduct would be 
for the edification or injury of those under our care. 
It would be no discourtesy to the other church 
to acknowledge the presentation of the certificate, 
recognizing that it is in order, but adding that we 
had declined to receive him, because we did not 
think his admission would be for the edification of 
the church. This course he advised, because we 
all knew he had been a constant trouble in that 

38 



RECEIVING xMExMBERS TO THE COMMUNION 



church, under two pastorates, had at present a diffi- 
culty with one of our own members, and the spirit 
he had manifested before the Session was not that of 
gentleness or peace. After a long discussion we 
received him on a majority vote. The Pastor ex- 
pressed his apprehension that this 'Mr. Jones would 
prove an injury to the church. This is one of the 
very few cases in which the vote in our Session was 
not unanimous. When we w^ere not prepared to 
agree on a measure, it was usually postponed until 
on further consideration all were ready to vote 
for it. 

A communication was received from Presbytery, 
stating that a certain church had been dissolved, 
and its members (twelve in number) had been com- 
mitted to our care. Their names were, therefore, 
added to our roll by order of Presbytery." 

Rev. Mr. Thomas applied to be received as a 
member. He had not been for some time in the 
exercise of his ministry, was engaged in secular 
pursuits, and did not consider himself a Minister. 
The Pastor was requested to inform him, that he 
was a member of Presbytery, and the Session could 
not authorize him to demit his ministry. He 
could not, therefore, be received by us. 
. Two candidates for the ministry presented cer- 
tificates of dismission to unite with this church, 
which were in order, except that they did not indi- 
cate that their Presbyteries had been consulted, as 
required by the General Assembly of 1894. The 
candidates were referred to their Presbyteries. 
Their reasons for their request were, that they were 

39 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



now living within our bounds, much nearer to the 
Seminary than in their former homes, and would 
like to engage in our church work under the guid- 
ance of our Pastor. 

The Moderator also reported that he had a visit 
from a man who wished to be admitted to the com- 
munion, but he keeps a saloon. He declared that 
he was doing a legitimate business, and was very 
careful to observe the law in every particular, and 
allowed no disorder on his premises. He did not 
like the business, but it was his means of making a 
living, and he could find no other opening. The 
Pastor said that he had tried to show him how in- 
consistent this occupation was for a christian, and 
how much damage he was doing to his fellows. 
He admitted this in part, but added that it was law- 
ful, and if he did not sell liquor, others would, and 
probably in a more objectionable manner. The 
Pastor then read to him the deliverance of the 
General Assembly of 1877, which has several times 
been reiterated — The Session of our churches are 
called to guard carefully the purity of our church, 
by refusing to admit to membership, or to retain 
those within her pale, who are engaged in the 
manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors as a 
beverage, or who derive their livelihood from this 
sinful traffic." 

Before adjourning, the Pastor gave us directions 
how to assist him in the ministration of the Sacra- 
ment. The Deacons would prepare the bread and 
wine, and set the table. Each Elder was assigned 
his part and informed in what aisle he would 

40 



RECEIVING MEMBERS TO THE COMMUNION 



serve. The Pastor urged us to notice the communi- 
cants who were present and partook, that we may 
be able to report at the next meeting of Session, 
which would be held on Monday evening. 

I asked what kind of wine would be used. The 
Pastor was very clear in his conviction that there 
was in Scripture but one kind of wine, and that any 
substitute was unlawful. He had once been asked 
to consecrate water for a communicant who ob- 
jected to taste the wine; he had replied that he had 
no authority to change what the Lord had ordained. 

The General Assembly has always recognized the 
right of each church to determine what is bread and 
what is wine." 

Elder Smith stated, that Miss Reeves in his dis- 
trict had been an invalid for some time, and had 
expressed an earnest desire to partake again of 
the Lord's Supper, but he did not see how she 
could be gratified. The Pastor said there is no 
difficulty in the case. He had felt a great sym- 
pathy for her, and had intended to ask her if she 
would not be comforted and strengthened by par- 
taking of the Sacrament. He was glad the propo- 
sition had come from her. While avoiding all 
ideas connected with the extreme unction of the 
Romish Church, it was the privilege of those long 
detained from the house of God, to partake of this 
ordinance in private. In such cases, these things 
ought to be observ^ed — The application should be 
made to the Session; the Pastor should be accom- 
panied by at least one of the Elders ; other commu- 
nicants, at least of the family, should be present; 

41 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



the number of persons should be restricted accord- 
ing to the condition of the invahd; all communi- 
cants present should partake of the elements; the 
service should be short, but include all the essential 
parts. The Pastor or Session should possess a con- 
venient cup and platter, and take these, with some 
bread and wine, to the house, and bring back what 
may remain of the elements, that no superstitious 
use may be made of them; the sick or aged should 
be informed that there is no special significance 
nor efficacy in this home service beyond that which 
belongs to it when administered in the church. Her 
request was, therefore, granted. Elder Smith was 
appointed to make all necessary arrangements with 
the family, and to go with the Pastor next Sabbath 
afternoon — our communion Sabbath — and aid him 
in the administration. 



42 



VII 



SESSIONAL MEETING AFTER THE 
COMMUNION 

The next Sabbath was a beautiful day, and of 
great interest to me and to the whole church. The 
adult baptisms made a deep impression, and the 
Pastor's tender words of instruction and exhorta- 
tion to the unusual number of new members, as 
they stood before the congregation, were very sol- 
emn and appropriate. These were reminded that 
the Session had received them as communicants, 
and now the members of the church by rising wel- 
comed them into their number and pledged their 
love and cooperation. As all stood the Pastor 
pronounced a benediction upon them. The whole 
service was very impressive and profitable. I must 
admit, however, that my new position and duties 
during the administration of the Sacrament in a 
measure distracted my attention and interfered 
with my personal edification. The other Elders 
told me that mine was not an uncommon experi- 
ence, but that by a prayerful care of my thoughts 
I would soon learn to enjoy the service more than 
when a private member. This is a great comfort 
to me. 

The next evening the Session met. The prin- 
43 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



cipal business was calling the roll of the communi- 
cants. The Elders were expected to answer present 
or absent, as the names were called, and a record 
was made. When one was reported absent, the 
Elder of his district was asked if he knew the 
reason of the absence. The replies were often im- 
portant, revealing conditions in the families which 
the Pastor and Elders should know, and called for 
sessional action or pastoral visitation. I noticed 
that the Pastor made frequent notes in a memo- 
randum book. He afterward told me that at these 
meetings he often heard for the first time of sick- 
ness or affliction in the families, and was informed 
of temptations to which he did not know his people 
were exposed. The Elders also took frequent 
notes. When a communicant was found to have 
been absent for three times without a proper ex- 
cuse, a committee was appointed to call on him 
and expostulate or reprove as might be thought 
best. Concerning some there was serious con- 
sideration, and often helpful advice given to the 
Elder in charge. Thus, as the roll was called, each 
communicant passed in turn before the Session, 
reminding us of our responsibility and of their 
christian life and efficiency. Some were not 
known to all of us, some were very irregular in 
their attendance, and others had not been seen at 
our services for a long time. The case of each 
was carefully considered, and measures were pro- 
posed to bring them to a more consistent life. The 
conversation concerning the different members of 
the church was conducted with an earnest desire 



44 



SESSIONAL MEETING AFTER THE COMMUNION 

to further the spirituality and christian activity of 
each. It was clearly understood that everything 
that was said in the meetings of Session, especialty 
concerning the character and life of the communi- 
cants, was in strict confidence. 

Mrs. Peters was found to have been absent for 
nearly two years, having removed to New York. 
The Clerk was requested to write, reminding her 
of her duty to identify herself with a church in that 
city, and warn her, if necessary, in a second letter, 
that if she fails to do so without a good reason, 
''her name will be placed on the roll of suspended 
members, until she shall satisfy the Session of the 
propriety of her restoration." (See Section 49 of 
the Book of Discipline.) Miss Mclntire married 
and went West, more than three years ago, and her 
residence is unknown to the members of the Ses- 
sion. Her name was, therefore, placed on the re- 
served list. (See the same section.) The reasons for 
this action were of course recorded. She remains 
a member of this church, subject to its jurisdiction. 
It will be our duty to endeavor to ascertain her 
address and open communication with her. If at 
any time she should give reasons for her long 
silence, and ask for her certificate, a qualified letter 
will be sent to her. 

One of the Elders reported that he had ascer- 
tained that Mr. Piatt had about a month ago been 
confirmed in a Lutheran church without a dis- 
mission from our communion. It was therefore re- 
solved, that such conduct was a disorderly renounc- 
ing of his membership in our church, and that the 

45 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



fact be recorded on the minutes and his name be 
erased from our roll of members. 

Mrs. Watson, according to the roll, has been ab- 
sent over two years. The Elder of the district in 
which her parents lived stated, that he had written 
to her, and in reply she said at the time of her 
marriage she had obtained her letter of dismission, 
and regularly united with the Presbyterian church 
of Coatesville, Ky., of which she was still a member. 
No record of this dismission could be found on 
minutes of Session or communicants' roll. These 
facts were ordered to be recorded, her name to be 
removed from the list of members, and that she 
be informed of this action. The explanation 
seems to be, that the Clerk had taken her maiden 
name from the roll, and, while putting her name 
as Mrs. Watson in its proper place, had neglected 
to record that soon after she had obtained her 
certificate. 

Mr. Stuart had been notified by his Elder that he 
had been absent for a long time without asking for 
his letter. He replied that he had been dissatisfied 
with the way he had been treated by some members 
of the church, and that for some time before he 
moved away, he had attended the Methodist church, 
and did not consider himself a member of our com- 
munion. In his new home, he had lately joined a 
Presbyterian church on profession of faith. This 
was very disorderly, and the spirit manifested not 
christian. The facts were recorded and his name 
erased from our roll. It was debated, whether he 
was still under our jurisdiction, and if charges 

46 



SESSIONAL MEETING AFTER THE COMMUNION 

should not be preferred against him; but he was in 
fact a member of another church, and the offence 
had been committed several years ago. It was 
then asked, if we ought not to inform the Session 
under whose care he now was. The Pastor thought 
not, unless we were prepared to follow it up, tabling 
charges against him. The Pastor was requested to 
wTite to him, showing wherein he had been dis- 
orderly, and giving such counsel and instruction 
as he might think best. 

All the meetings of Session are opened and 
closed with prayer, but at this meeting the prayers 
were very earnest for the new members, and for 
those who by this review of the roll were found to 
be in special need of prayer. I understand that 
many Sessions do not hold this kind of meeting, 
but I should think it would prove very helpful to 
Pastor and Elders in the discharge of their duties. 
It reminded us of our responsibility in the over- 
sight of all the members, as well as of those living 
in our own districts. This examination of the roll 
took considerable time, but gave me much valuable 
information concerning the communicants. The 
Pastor said that to him it was always the most help- 
ful of Sessional meetings. He showed me a long 
memorandum of items, which he had gained and 
would use immediately. Part of the roll had to be 
deferred to an adjourned meeting to be held after 
the Wednesday evening prayer-meeting. We deter- 
mined to hold regular meetings on the first Monday 
of each month, and that the congregation be in- 
formed of the fact, that if any one has any business 

47 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



to bring before us, he may know when to present 
it, and that those desiring advice, or to be received 
as communicants, may apply at these regular 
meetings. 

Before we adjourned this evening, a woman 
came in great distress, saying she had committed 
the unpardonable sin, in that she had been a com- 
municant in our church for seven years, and had 
often partaken of the Lord's Supper, yet she had 
not been baptized. She had been received on pro- 
fession of her faith under the former Pastor, who 
had taken it for granted that she had been bap- 
tized in infancy. She was not therefore called 
forward for baptism, and had been afraid to tell the 
Pastor of the mistake, and was ashamed to acknowl- 
edge it later, but had been more and more troubled 
in mind, and could bear the sin no longer. The 
Pastor told her there was no need of church dis- 
cipline, or of action of the Session. He asked if 
she believed on Jesus Christ as the only Saviour, 
and that His blood cleanses from all sin. He told 
her there was no unpardonable sin, except that of 
rejecting Christ. The grieving the Spirit and the 
sin against the Holy Ghost was the final, or persis- 
tent, resisting His influence in leading to repentance 
and faith in Jesus Christ. She was much com- 
forted. He told her she had done wrong in fearing 
to speak freely to her Pastors, and continuing so 
long without baptism. The Session had no hesi- 
tation in admitting her to that ordinance, and she 
was requested to present herself for baptism next 
Sabbath morning. This was done. 

48 



SESSIONAL MEETING AFTER THE COMMUNION 



As the next Sabbath was the usual time for bap- 
tisms, notice had been given that the Session would 
afterthe Wednesday evening prayer-meeting receive 
applications from parents for the baptism of their 
children. 



49 



VIII 



INFANT BAPTISM 

We met as proposed, and there were a number 
of parents present making application for the bap- 
tism of their children. Too often the vdiole respon- 
sibility is assumed by the Minister, but our Direc- 
tory for Worship says, " The officers of the church 
are the* judges of the qualifications of those to be 
admitted to sealing ordinances." 

In several cases both parents were members of 
the church, and their request was at once granted. 
The Clerk of Session was careful in each case to 
make a record of the full names of the parents, of 
the child, and the date of birth. The parents were 
each requested to have the full name of the child 
written on a slip of paper, to be handed with the 
child to the Pastor at the time of baptism, that no 
mistake may be made. 

One mother stated that her husband is not a 
communicant, but the Session acknowledged her 
right to have her child baptized. Another, who is 
not a member, although her absent husband is, was 
told that the baptism must be postponed until he 
could be present and take the vows, as the child 
would be baptized on his faith. A man and a 
w^oman claimed the privilege on the ground that 

50 



INFANT BAPTISM 



they were both baptized members. They were in- 
formed, that it was their duty to have and profess 
faith in Christ. While they neglected this known 
duty, they were depriving themselves and their 
children of the privileges of the church. Baptism 
was an act of faith, claiming the blessings of God's 
covenant. Those who refused to enter into this 
covenant, could not claim its privileges for their 
children nor take the vows to bring them up in the 
fear and nurture of God. They promised to con- 
sider their duty in this matter. A mother, a member 
of the Episcopal Church, asked that her child might 
be baptized, as there was no church of her own in 
the place, and she was attending regularly our ser- 
vices. Her husband was not a christian. Her 
request was granted, as she was a member of a 
christian church. 

A husband and wife, who had just united with 
our church, desired to have their five children bap- 
tized. Two of these were infants, two and four 
years of age. The others were eight, twelve, and 
sixteen years. There was no hesitation in regard 
to the baptism of the two infants, but some of us 
said at once, that some of the others had reached 
the years of discretion, and, therefore, could not be 
baptized on their parents' faith. The Moderator 
told the parents they might retire, and he w^ould 
report later the decision of the Session. He wished 
us to discuss the question, and silently listened to 
our arguments. We were divided in opinion, al- 
though most of the Elders held that the boy of six- 
teen and the girl of twelve ought not to be baptized 

51 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



until they were ready to profess their own faith. 
The Pastor then declared that he was prepared to 
baptize the whole family, and he believed he had 
Scriptural authority for so doing. Ishmael was 
circumcised when he was thirteen years old, and so 
were all the men of his father's house, born in 
the house, and bought with money of the stranger, 
circumcised with him/' This was on Abraham's 
faith. So, in the New Testament, where household 
baptisms are spoken of, all in the house were bap- 
tized on the faith of the head. Nothing is said of 
the ages of the members baptized, because it was 
unimportant. Some may have been infants and 
some slaves, it mattered not. They were all of the 
household, under the authority and spiritual guid- 
ance of the head, who had expressed his faith in 
Christ, and they were, therefore, included in the 
covenant blessings. These he claimed for himself 
and them. After some further discussion, on a 
majority vote, it was decided that all the children 
should be baptized. Some of the Elders, w^iile 
believing that the Pastor was right, thought it was 
unusual in our church. The Pastor said that it 
was the privilege of believing parents to have all 
their children consecrated to the Lord, and that 
we had no right to forbid them. On the other 
hand, if a child should refuse to be baptized on 
his parents' faith, it would not be right for the 
parents or the church to force him to submit to 
the ordinance. The vote was then made unani- 
mous. 

A mother had sent a letter asking that her child 
52 



INFANT BAPTISM 



might be baptized; she was not a member, and her 
christian husband was dead. She had to Hve out 
as a servant. Her baby was in the care of her 
husband's mother, who was a member of our 
church. Her request was granted, for while our 
church does not approve of god-parents, any infant 
may be baptized on the faith of the person who has 
the .undisputed care and training of it. The same 
answ^er was given to another communication, ask- 
ing if an adopted daughter might be baptized, and 
for the same reason. 

A request was made by one who was under sus- 
pension. The Clerk was directed to inform him 
that the baptism of his children was one of the privi- 
leges of the church from which he had, for an of- 
fence, been suspended. He was urged to consider 
his duty to seek restoration by repentance and 
reformation. A similar request was made by one 
w^ho, though a member, had for some time absented 
himself from the services and sacraments of the 
church. The Pastor and some of the Elders had 
frequently urged him to return to his duties, and to 
send his children to the Sabbath school and to the 
other services, but he still neglected to do so. His 
request w^as, therefore, denied. A man, not a com- 
municant, was very anxious to present his child; he 
urged that his wife (a Baptist) was an earnest chris- 
tian, and would train the child in the Scriptures 
and godly living. Of this we were assured, but 
the Session had to answer that the mother, being 
the believer, was the one to present the child and 
make the vows. If she would do so, the Pastor 

53 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



would gladly baptize the child. I was appointed 
to call on him, and give this reply of the Session, 
and to seek to bring him to faith in Christ. A 
communicant sent word that his wife was a Roman 
Catholic, and without his approval she had taken 
their child to a priest, who had baptized her. He 
was much distressed, for he did not believe in 
Romish ordinances, and it had been clearly under- 
stood by his wife that their children should be 
brought up as Protestants, and that he was to have 
the full control of their religious education. The 
Clerk was directed to inform him that he might 
present the child next Sabbath. 

The Moderator laid before the Session a letter 
from a member of our church, desiring the baptism 
of her illegitimate child. The facts were, that some 
time before the birth of the child she had made a 
full confession of her sin and had submitted humbly 
to the sentence of suspension. After the birth she 
personally, and of her own accord, appeared before 
the Session, and gave satisfactory evidence of her 
penitence, and had been restored to the commun- 
ion. There was some hesitation on our part, 
although we were persuaded that she was now liv- 
ing a pure life. The Pastor asked. Had she not 
been restored to enjoyment of the privileges of the 
church, and was not the baptism of her child one 
of the privileges to which she had been restored, 
and was she not prepared to make and perform the 
vows? She could not be restored to full standing 
in the church, and yet be denied his right. Her 
request was, therefore, granted. 

54 



INFANT BAPTISM 



A message was brought, asking the Pastor to go 
at once and baptize an infant, who was evidently 
dying. The parents were strangers to the mem- 
bers of Session. We therefore adjourned, and the 
Pastor requested me, as the Elder in whose district 
the family lived, to go with him. When we arrived, 
we found the parents in great distress. They evi- 
dently regarded baptism as essential to the salva- 
tion of the child. They were communicants in the 
Episcopal Church. Our Pastor's presence and quiet 
manner calmed them. He examined the child, and 
assured them that she was not as near her end as 
they had supposed. He explained that their idea 
of the Sacrament was sviperstitious and unscrip- 
tural. No rite nor outward service, performed by 
man, could affect the state of the soul. Christ's 
redemption alone could secure salvation, and it w^as 
imparted by the Spirit according to His covenant, 
which includes believers and their children. A 
child is not made a member of the church by bap- 
tism, but being by birth a member he has a right 
to be recognized as such by baptism. We believe 
that every child dying in infancy is saved, because 
this seems to be taught throughout Scripture, and 
Christ said, It is not the will of your Father in 
heaven, that one of these little ones should perish." 
They asked, What, then, is the use of having our 
daughter baptized? " Pie answered, It is the com- 
mand of Christ, as the expression of your faith in 
His covenant, and of your claim that she has, by 
His grace, a part in its blessings, and as your con- 
secration of her to the Lord." They replied that 

55 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



they, for these reasons, desired to have her baptized. 
He gladly consented to do so. The service was 
solemn and comforting to all. 

On our way home we met a father, who asked if 
his child could be baptized in private, as he did 
not like to stand up before the congregation. The 
Pastor replied that the Directory for Worship 
says, It is usually to be administered in the 
church, in the presence of the congregation." The 
General Assembly has said, There may be cases 
when it will be expedient to administer this ordi- 
nance in private houses; of which the Minister is 
to be the judge." No one ought to object thus to 
renew his profession of faith before men, or pub- 
licly to consecrate his child to the Lord. He 
could give no good reason for his request, and 
promised to bring his child to the church. 

At the baptismal service, the parents and chil- 
dren assembled in the Sabbath school room, and 
I was there, to notify them when they should enter 
the church. One of the parents asked me, if her 
husband might stand with her; I could not answer, 
but said the Pastor always came in to see them 
before the service. He came at that moment, and 
replied at once there could be no objection; he 
greatly preferred him to be present and to take as 
much part in the service as he could. They must 
remember, however, that the child was to be bap- 
tized on the mother's faith, and that she was the 
one to make the vows. After the invocation, the 
Pastor read a few passages, setting forth the nature 
of baptism and the participation of the children of 

56 



INFANT BAPTISM 



believers in the blessings of the covenant. I then 
brought in the parents. We found the senior 
Elder standing by the Pastor, holding the bap- 
tismal bowl. This was not merely for convenience, 
as many were to be baptized, but as indicating tliat 
the Elders shared v-rith him the responsibility of 
this ordinance. He spoke of the significance of the 
water — the seal of the covenant, the birthright of the 
children, the obligation of parents, their claim by 
faith, the consecration made to God, and of the vows 
implied and now publicly assumed. After the 
parents had given audible assent, our Pastor, ac- 
cording to his habit, turned to the congregation and 
said, " The Pastor and Elders of this church, in the 
administration of this ordinance, recognize the right 
of these children as m.embers of the church, and 
promise to take careful stiper^dsion of all the bap- 
tized members, to maintain the divinely appointed 
means of grace, and to help the parents to perform 
their vows to bring tip these little ones in the fear, 
nurture, and admonition of the Lord." He then of- 
fered a short prayer, consecrating the water and in- 
voking God's presence and blessing in accepting the 
vows made. He took each infant in turn in his arms 
while he baptized it, and held the hand of the older 
children as they knelt to receive the sprinkling of 
the water. He then ottered another short prayer 
that God would ratify what had been done in His 
name, and bless, to both parents and children, this 
act of faith. He pronounced the benediction upon 
them, before I led tliem back to the Sabbath school 
room. Some ^linisters do not take the children in 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 

their arms, and in many cases it is better that they 
should not, for the sake of all concerned. Yet 
when it can be properly done, it is more significant 
and appropriate. 



58 



IX- 

DISMISSIONS 

At the next meeting of the Session there were a 
number of requests for dismission. Several per- 
sons were removing from the place, and therefore 
applied for their letters to unite with other Presby- 
terian churches. They were in good standing, and 
their certificates were ordered to be given to them 
by the Clerk. 

. Our Pastor has often impressed upon the com- 
municants that it was their duty to ask for letters 
of dismission, whenever they changed their place 
of residence, and very promptly to connect them- 
selves with the nearest Presbyterian church, and to 
enter at once into the active work of its members. 
He now reminded those dismissed, that their mem- 
bership in this church continued until they were 
actually received by another : and that their bap- 
tized children were included in their certificates, 
unless a distinct notice was given, that certain of 
them were to continue to reside here and to rem.ain 
imder our supervision. Such notice was then 
given in regard to four children, of whom the 
Session will take special charge in the absence of 
the parents. 

Some of the applications for dismission, however, 
59 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



required consideration. One was from a man who 
has been absent from the oversight of the Session 
for some time, and of whose conduct we had no 
knowledge. The Session ordered the Clerk to send 
him a qualified certificate; that is, one which states 
that he was a member in good and regular standing 
until 1886, when he left this town without taking 
his letter, and since that time the Session has 
had no knowledge of him. This was according to 
the Book of Discipline, Section 116. Another 
desired a certificate which he might present to any 
church, as he had not determined where to settle, 
and expected for some time to travel. The Clerk 
was directed to give him a letter of credence," 
certifying that he is a member in good standing 
in our church, which will be an introduction wher- 
ever he may sojourn, and enable him to commune 
in any christian church. He was informed that 
this did not dismiss him, and that, as soon as he 
decided where he vv^ould make his home, he should 
apply for a certificate to unite with a particular 
church. The Book of Discipline requires that dis- 
mission shall be addressed to a particular church. 

A man stated that he had married a Baptist, who 
was an important member of that church; he felt it 
to be desirable that they should attend the same 
church; he therefore asked for a certificate to unite 
with the Baptist church of this town. He was 
informed, that a dismission from us would not be 
accepted. He would be required to be rebaptized 
by immersion, and received on profession of faith. 
The Session could take no further action at present. 

60 



DISMISSIONS 



Should he decide to unite with that church, we 
would then drop his name from our roll. His 
Elder was requested to show him that he would be 
denying his real baptism and his church member- 
ship, and his right to have his possible children 
baptized. The same request was made by a lady 
who was removing to a village in which there was 
only an Episcopal Church. She was told that she 
ought to attend its services, and could retain her 
membership with us, reporting regularly to us 
until she could unite with some nearer Presbyterian 
church. The Episcopalians would not accept our 
certificates. If at any time she determined to be 
confirmed in that church, she should inform us, 
that we might remove her name from our list of 
members. Persons wishing to unite with churches 
of denominations in correspondence with our Gen- 
eral Assembly of course should receive regular 
certificates. 

A man desired a letter to unite with the }^Ieth- 
odist church of this place. For some time the Ses- 
sion had been troubled about certain reports, which 
seriously aft'ected his christian character. They 
were indefinite, but generally believed. Xo reli- 
able proof had been obtained and, therefore, no 
charges had been preferred. The Elders said that 
it was not right to grant him a clean letter, when w^e 
were persuaded that he was unworthy. The Pas- 
tor, however, reminded them that he had the right 
to demand a trial, or a letter in good standing, and 
we certainly were not prepared to try him. It was 
decided that his request be laid on the table imtil 

6i 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



the next meeting, and that his Elder in the mean- 
while have a free conversation with him, informing 
him of the fact and character of these reports, and 
that the Session desired to give him this informa- 
tion before giving him a certificate. The Elder 
reported at the next meeting, that his conversation 
was very satisfactory. He had heard of the reports 
and had tried in vain to trace them, and was con- 
scious that he was regarded with suspicion by the 
members of our church. It was for that reason 
he had asked for his letter. He positively denied 
the implied charges, but admitted that some im- 
prudences may have given rise to them. He with- 
drew his request, and asked the sympathy and help 
of the Session to recover the confidence of the 
members of the church. 

A member appeared before us, and asked that 
his name might be removed from the roll, as he 
had come to the sad conclusion, after prayerful 
consideration, that he was not a christian and, 
therefore, had no right to be a communicant. This 
caused surprise and grief to us all, for he was cor- 
rect in his outward life and regular in his attend- 
ance upon all the means of grace. The Session 
told him that they sorrowfully sympathized in his 
sense of duty, but thought that he was mistaken. 
The Pastor and our Senior Elder were appointed 
to confer with him, in accordance with our Book 
of Discipline, Section 48: ''If a communicant not 
chargeable with immoral conduct, inform the Ses- 
sion that he is fully persuaded that he has no right 
to come to the Lord's table, the Session shall confer 

62 



DISMISSIONS 



with him on the subject, and may, should he con- 
tinue of the same mind and his attendance on the 
other means of grace be regular, excuse him from 
attendance on the Lord's Supper; and, after fully 
satisfying themselves that his judgment is not the 
result of mistaken views, shall erase his name from 
the roll of communicants and make record of their 
action in the case/' 

One of the Deacons, about to remove from the 
State, desired a letter to the Presbyterian Church 
of Dover, as that would be the nearest to his new 
home. His wish was granted and the Clerk was 
notified that in the certificate he should state the 
fact and date of his ordination, and that he was still 
in the acceptable exercise of his office. A motion 
w^as passed, expressive of our regret in parting from 
him and our high appreciation of his character and 
official faithfulness. He will not exercise his office 
until chosen a Deacon by the church to which he 
is dismissed. 

The Clerk reported that Miss Thomas had neg- 
lected the ordinances of the church for more than 
one year, and had been frequently visited by several 
members of the Session and admonished. It was, 
therefore, after prayerful consideration, resolved, 
that, according to Section 50 of the Book of Disci- 
pline, she be " suspended from the communion of the 
church, until she gives satisfactory evidence of the 
sincerity of her repentance." The Clerk was di- 
rected to inform her of this decision. We were 
reminded that it was still our duty to visit her, 
and strive to bring her to the sense of the sinfulness 

63 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



of her conduct. It was especially important now 
that she should not imagine that she is free from 
all church restraint to follow her own devices. She 
is a member under discipline, the object of which is 
to bring her to repentance. Her name was taken 
from the roll which is reported to the General 
Assembly, and placed on that of the suspended 
members. 

I asked whether it would be in order for the 
Pastor or Clerk to grant these letters of dismission 
without a formal meeting of the Session? I re- 
member that when I desired to remove to this 
place, I called on my Pastor and informed him of 
the fact, and without the least hesitation he went 
to his desk and made out and gave me my certifi- 
cate. The Moderator replied that, according to 
the Book, it is the prerogative of the Session to 
receive and dismiss members. It should be exer- 
cised only at formal meetings. Yet in cases of 
necessity, or when it is impracticable to obtain a 
quorum, the members of Session who are pre- 
sent may take the responsibility, when sure that 
their action will be approved and adopted by the 
Session at the next meeting. The General As- 
sembly of 1891 decided that it was not illegal for 
the Session by a formal vote to authorize the Pastor 
or the Clerk to issue letters of dismission to those 
in good standing and report the fact for ratification 
at the next meeting. In all cases of the least doubt 
the officer should refuse to give the letter until the 
Session can take action. It is frequently true that 
the Pastor is ignorant of facts known to the Elders 

64 



DISMISSIONS 

which ought to be considered before a certificate is 
granted, but it is the duty of the Elders to keep the 
Pastor well informed concerning the character and 
life of the communicants. 



65 



X 



BAPTIZED MEMBERS 

At our next monthly meeting, the Moderator called 
our attention to the baptized members of the church. 
The Clerk had, of course, carefully kept the register 
of baptisms, but like many other Presbyterian 
churches, we had no roll of baptized members. 
This, he said, we ought to have, and it should be 
arranged to record when they became and ceased 
to be members of the Sabbath school; when they 
were admitted to the communion; married; were 
dismissed to other churches, or died. After some 
conversation it was resolved, that such a roll should 
be kept. It will be an important aid in our over- 
sight of the children of the church. A committee 
was appointed to help the Clerk in making out this 
roll. It was more difficult than we expected. The 
whole register of baptisms, as far back as we pos- 
sessed them, had to be examined, and the names 
transferred to the new roll. Some were known to 
have removed and others to have died. These 
were so marked, but in most cases we could not 
obtain the dates. From the communicants' roll 
we learned when some were admitted to the com- 
munion. Of the older of these baptized members 
there were many of whom nothing was recorded 

66 



BAPTIZED MEMBERS 



and nothing remembered. These, together with 
those of whom the committee w^as in doubt, were 
reported to the Session. Many children had come 
to us from other churches, some with and some 
without their parents. Their full names and the 
facts and dates of church membership by baptism 
were difficult to obtain. We were surprised to 
discover that there were a number of these bap- 
tized members, some even elderly persons, who 
had not professed faith. Lists of these were given 
to the several Elders, that they seek opportunity to 
converse with them on their relation to the church. 

By conference, we were able to discover the resi- 
dences and histories of several more, but many 
blanks w^ere left unfilled. As we came further 
down the list, wx found that quite a number of our 
baptized members were not attending our Sabbath 
school. Some never had, others had been enticed 
to different schools, or had ceased attending any, 
and were even absent from church services. This 
gave us great concern, but it explained why our 
Sabbath school is not as large as it ought to be in 
a church with our number of communicants. Other 
lists were now prepared to be given to the Superin- 
tendent, that he might appoint teachers to visit 
these children and their parents, to see if they can- 
not be reclaimed. We hope thus not only to in- 
crease our influence over our baptized members, 
but also encourage the teachers to engage in this 
kind of church work. We were pleased to find 
that a very large proportion of those baptized in 
infancy had at an early age professed faith and 

67 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



become active in church work. God has honored 
His covenant more than we had imagined. 

There were some who seemed to require our im- 
mediate attention. One was .a young woman, w^iose 
christian mother was dead; her father had married 
again, and the home influences were no longer 
christian. She was anxious to find employment 
elsewhere. Her Elder was requested to speak to 
the Deacons, and to interest the President of our 
Young People's Society in her. Another girl 
had been led into sin and had ceased to attend the 
church for some time. It was thought best to ask 
the wife of her Elder to call on her. According to 
the Book of Discipline, she is under the care of 
the church, and subject to its government and dis- 
cipline." It is not often, however, that a baptized 
member is cited to appear before the Session. It 
is usually better to deal with such more privately 
and through the parents. Several of the young 
men were found to be under peculiar temptation, 
some at home and others at college. They seemed 
to think that they were under no responsibility to 
the church. The Pastor was requested to prepare 
a letter on the relation of the baptized members 
to their parents and to the church, which should 
be sent by the Elders to them, and a correspondence 
be thus opened. There were quite a number who 
had arrived at years of discretion. The Elders 
were urged in their visitations to inform them that 
Children, born within the pale of the visible 
church, and dedicated to God in baptism, are under 
the inspection and government of the church; and 

68 



BAPTIZED MEMBERS 



are to be taught to read and repeat the Catechism, 
the Apostles' Creed and the Lord's Prayer. They 
are to be taught to pray, to abhor sin, to fear God, 
and to obey the Lord Jesus Christ. And when 
they come to years of discretion, if they be free 
from scandal, appear sober and steady, and have 
sufficient knowledge to discern the Lord's body, 
they ought to be informed it is their duty and privi- 
lege to come to the Lord's Supper." (Directory 
for Worship, Chapter X., Section i.) This action 
afterward led to the formation of these young 
people into a class, which was held during the 
week and led by our senior Elder. And from it 
was drawn from time to time members for the 
Pastor's communicants' class, which was held a 
few weeks before each communion season, to pre- 
pare applicants to the Lord's table. 



69 



XI 



SABBATH SCHOOLS 

The relation of the Elders to the Sabbath schools 
had been suggested by our consideration of the 
baptized members, but was soon brought before 
the Session by the fact that on the last Sabbath 
the Superintendent had read his resignation to the 
school, and had requested the teachers and scloolars 
to meet after the Wednesday evening prayer- 
meeting to elect another Superintendent. The 
Moderator informed us that the religious instruc- 
tion of the children was under the direction of the 
Session. The Sabbath school was, as the General 
Assembly has frequently declared, under the direc- 
tion of the Pastor and Session, who must supervise 
the whole work of the spiritual training of the 
young. They are charged to determine the studies, 
text-books, lesson-papers, helps, and hymn-books, 
and examine every book admitted into the library. 
The Sessions of all our churches had been earnestly 
recommended in the exercise of their right, to ap- 
point the Superintendents, and to supervise the 
selection of the officers and teachers and the benevo- 
lence of the schools. The Elders were surprised 
to learn that this responsibility rested upon them. 

70 



SABBATH SCHOOLS 



The Clerk was requested to inform the Superin- 
tendent that his resignation should be sent to the 
Session. The members of the Session agreed to 
be present at the called meeting, and expressed 
their desire to consult the wishes of the teachers, 
and to show them that the responsibility of appoint- 
ing the officers rested upon us. This was seen to 
be very important, as the efficiency of the school 
depends greatly upon the Superintendent. 

At the meeting of teachers, Mr. Jones, who had 
been received into the church contrary to the advice 
of the Pastor, took offence at the announcement, 
and declared that the teachers always had the right 
to elect their officers, without the dictation or inter- 
ference of the Pastor or Elders. He was much 
excited, and some of the teachers were at first 
inclined to follow his lead. Our Pastor very pa- 
tiently explained the case, read the decisions of the 
General Assembly, and showed the reasons for 
them. Mr. Jones was soon alone, but very decided 
in his opposition. The teachers, in a free conversa- 
tion, mentioned their individual preferences, and 
finally nominated Mr. Porter, and the Session after- 
w^ard elected him. Mr. Jones was not satisfied, 
and privately talked very disrespectfully against the 
Pastor. The next Sabbath the new Superintendent 
was introduced as such to the school by the Pastor, 
who in an address stated the close relation between 
the school and the Session, and that he was Pastor 
of the school as well as of the church, and would 
hereafter be more frequently present and take an 
active part with the Superintendent in the manage- 

71 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



ment of the school. Certain changes were at once 
concerted. Mr. Porter was invited to attend our 
next monthly meeting of Session, when the condi- 
tion of the school was carefully considered, and 
various suggestions were made. A regular teach- 
ers' meeting for the study of the lesson was urged, 
and that the Superintendent should be the leader. 
He pleaded that he was young, just assuming the 
work of the office, and was not qualified to instruct 
the teachers. He requested that one of the Elders 
be appointed, at least for a time. He was told that 
this would greatly lessen his influence. He should 
from the start undertake the full duty of his posi- 
tion. The Pastor and Elders would give him all 
the help and countenance he needed, and were 
ready to answer any call he might make. By care- 
ful study he would prepare himself for this and 
every duty. It was important that he should know 
the ability and views of his teachers, and determine 
the character of the instruction to be given to the 
children. In no way could he so effectively do so 
as in this teachers' meeting. He asked, if all the 
teachers should be required to attend? The Pastor 
replied that all should be expected to be present 
and take part. They should be invited and re- 
minded that it was part of their duty as teachers. 
The propriety and advantages should be urged 
rather than the imperative obligation. Attend- 
ance, however important, ought not to be made a 
necessary qualification in a teacher. " You must " 
is very provocative of " I won't," especially when 
one is rendering voluntary service to the church, 

72 



SABBATH SCHOOLS 



often at considerable self-sacrifice. He should also 
know from what sources the teachers are obtaining 
the information which they impart. Sometimes 
they very innocently use helps, highly recom- 
mended, but w^hich are very erroneous in tendency, 
if not false in statement. Those published by our 
Board of PubHcation are to be recommended as 
interesting and sound. The Pastor urged that 
these should be freely used in previous study, but 
that, at the teachers' meeting and in the Sabbath 
school room, the Bible and good maps only should 
be permitted to be used by teachers or scholars. 
The Helps are now so full and abundant, that pre- 
vious study and personal searching of the Scrip- 
tures are very much neglected. A glance at the 
paper is often solely depended on for both question 
and answer, and of course no interest or profit can 
be secured. The time usually allowed for the 
teaching of the lesson is yearly decreasing, so that 
good results are more and more difficult and rare. 
The Superintendent must train his teachers, and 
see that parents cooperate with them in securing 
careful home study. He can thus be more efficient 
than by an elaborate and varied service, and a long 
exposition and application of the lesson by himself, 
which interfere with the prerogatives of a good 
teacher, and cultivate an unscriptural taste for 
ritualistic forms of worship. If instruction is de- 
preciated in the Sabbath school and ceremonies 
are depended on to attract and retain scholars, we 
cannot wonder that the older and more sensible 
scholars cannot long be interested, and that others, 

73 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 

becoming fascinated with mere forms, will wander 
to ritualistic churches. 

He was advised to organize and direct his teach- 
ers to visit their pupils regularly, and to call on 
those children in the bounds of the congregation, 
who are not attending any school, especially those 
of our baptized members. He asked if the children 
should be induced to bring in new scholars, and if 
prizes should be offered. The Pastor answered, 
the children ought to be encouraged to engage in 
christian work as early as possible. They have great 
influence over their companions, and can often ac- 
complish more than older persons in bringing them 
into the school. They should be employed not 
only in gathering them in, but also in visiting the 
absent and the sick, tmder proper direction. A 
wise Superintendent will make a prudent selection 
^ of these little visitors and guide their ministration. 
The plan of hiring or bribing children to do service 
at home or in the church is unwise and unscriptural, 
as well as productive of much evil. Rewards are 
promised to all God's people; but competitive 
prizes, exciting emulation and strife for superiority, 
are never offered in the Word of God. They appeal 
to motives which cannot be called christian graces. 
They produce improper rivalry between the schools 
of the different churches, children are enticed from 
one school to another, to the injury of all and the 
fostering of denominational antagonisms. Those 
brought in should be from families not connected 
with any other church or school. He expressed 
an earnest wish, that the churches of this place 

74 



SABBATH SCHOOLS 



would enter into an agreement that no child shall 
be admitted to any school from another, without 
a regular letter of dismission, similar to that by 
which communicants are received. 

Mr. Porter was asked why so many of the schol- 
ars had dropped out of the school. He thought 
there were a variety of reasons. Some had been 
enticed away by inducements held out by other 
schools. There had been dissatisfaction with the 
officers, perhaps without real cause. The older 
pupils were not interested in the instruction given. 
There had been irregularity in the attendance of a 
few teachers, from sickness or in some cases from 
discouragement. The importance of the teachers' 
meeting was again urged. He was told to study 
their capacity and gradually place them over the 
classes to which they w^ere best adapted. Such 
changes should be made only after full consulta- 
tion with those interested. It was suggested that 
it might be well, before very long, to introduce the 
system of graded classes. The Session advised 
him to secure, with the counsel of the Pastor, com- 
petent teachers for advanced Bible classes of young- 
men and women, and to recall those who considered 
themselves too old to attend. He was cautioned to 
be prudent and slow in making radical changes. 

He stated that he had been troubled by the lack 
of attention on the part of some of the scholars, 
often the members of one class were distracted by 
what was going on in another; and asked what 
could be done to remove this evil. The Pastor 
answered, that to a degree it was unavoidable where 

75 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



the classes were in the same room and so near to- 
gether. The teachers' Bible class would tend to fit 
the several teachers to hold the attention of their 
own scholars. Their visiting them would increase 
their influence. He had seen a plan which proved 
very effectual. A class had asked permission to 
purchase a table for use in the school, upon this 
they placed their Bibles, and the teacher his maps 
and other illustrations of the lesson. The members 
leaned on the table and got their heads together, 
and their attention was no longer distracted. They 
became much more interested in each other and the 
lessons. Their example was at once followed by 
other classes, to the benefit of the school. The plan 
was worth trying with us, beginning with one of 
the classes of larger boys. 

The Superintendent informed us that the library 
was not in good condition. Several novels and 
other books of injurious tendencies have found 
their way into it. The Session requested him to 
appoint a judicious committee, of which the libra- 
rian should be the vice-chairman, to make a careful 
examination of the whole library, and report to the 
Session all objectionable books and those concern- 
ing which there was any doubt. The Superinten- 
dent of course was ex-officio the chairman of the 
committee. They should make a list of books which 
they can recommend to be added to the library. 
Three Elders were appointed to cooperate with this 
committee, to read every book recommended, and 
report them for the approbation of Session. They 
were also to devise a plan by which necessary funds 

76 



SABBATH SCHOOLS 



could be raised annually for the regular increase of 
the library and for the other expenses of the school, 
without drawing from its benevolent contributions. 
Other matters of administration were considered 
and referred to the Pastor and Superintendent. 

The Pastor was requested to confer with those 
of the other churches in town, and suggest his plan 
of the dismission and reception of Sabbath school 
children by certificate. 

Mr. Porter said that he realized that the conver- 
sion of the children should be evidently the object 
of the Sabbath school, and desired to know how 
this could be kept constantly before the teachefs 
and scholars. The Pastor replied, that much could 
be done by him in the meetings for the study of the 
lessons, by private conversation, and by his ad- 
dresses to the school, especially on the approach 
of the communion Sabbath. He suggested also the 
holding of a short prayer meeting after dismissing 
the school. All the teachers should remain, and 
the scholars should be invited. It should be dis- 
tinctly understood that the object of the meeting 
w^as prayer for God's blessing on the instruction 
just given, in the conversion and spiritual improve- 
ment of all connected with the school. Notice 
should also be given, that at certain times the Super- 
intendent and others would be ready to converse 
with any on personal religion. 



77 



XII 



YOUNG PEOPLE^S ASSOCIATIONS 

At one of our meetings of Session, a committee 
of the Young People's Association appeared for 
advice. Some of their members had proposed that 
they should reorganize themselves as a Young 
People's Society of Christian Endeavor, that they 
might be in connection with similar societies and 
be recognized in their county and state conven- 
tions. They were divided in opinion, and desired 
our advice. The Moderator invited them to state 
fully the reasons which had been advanced on both 
sides. After hearing them, the Pastor voiced the 
opinion of the Session, saying, no objection would 
be made if the Association should decide to effect 
the change. Personally he and we prefer the So- 
ciety as it now is, with some modifications, such as 
the appointment of committees corresponding to 
those of the Y. P. S. C. E., thus calling forth the 
activity of all the members. This training in 
church work is the chief recommendation of the 
Endeavor Society, but there is no reason why it 
should not be secured in Our Young People's Asso- 
ciation, without adopting the disadvantages of the 
Endeavor Society. We do not like the pledge, 
w^hich is made essential. A pledge is a solemn 

78 



YOUNG people's ASSOCIATIONS 



VOW to God. The breaking of it is a serious sin. 
It should be made only when authorized by the 
word of God. In these societies it is often taken 
as a matter of form, without due consideration. Its 
obligation is felt to be lessened by the necessary 
reservations introduced. Its provisions cannot be 
kept in a society of much size — as ''that each member 
shall take a real part in each meeting, and shall at- 
tend every service of the Society and of the church.'' 
The necessary result is that the sense of the obliga- 
tion of keeping promises and pledges is lessening in 
the church and world. This is a growing sin. Our 
experience leads us also to believe that this pledge 
often causes the women, who are usually more 
conscientious than men, in their endeaVor to be 
faithful, to occupy the time '' and gradually to 
assume most of the activity of the Society, while the 
men, from courtesy or indifference, retire from the 
leadership in worship and activity which ought to 
belong to them. We believe that there should be 
a distinction between the male and female members. 
Women and girls ought not to be required to pre- 
side, pray, and exhort in promiscuous assemblies. 
It seems to us to be contrary to instinct and Scrip- 
ture. The literature furnished, being undenomina- 
tional, is frequently lacking in sound instruction, 
ignoring important doctrines. We doubt the real 
benefit of the large gatherings (of thousands) of 
young men and women from all parts of the land 
at annual conventions, which continue for several 
days. We believe in the importance of expressing 
our interest and cooperation with all parts of the 

79 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



christian church. This should be done through 
the recognized official bodies of the several denomi- 
nations, and not by these conventions, which have 
no ecclesiastical authority or supervision. Loyalty 
to our own church, proper enthusiasm, and sound 
instruction, we think could be better promoted by 
connection with The Westminster League " and 
by attending the Young People's Conventions held 
imder the direction of Presbytery. Our young 
people were assured of our hearty cooperation, 
whatever their decision may be. We would insist, 
however, that their Society and literature should be 
under the supervision of the Session, according to 
the direction of the General Assembly. The com- 
mittee saiS that this was earnestly desired by all. 

After they had retired, we had further discussion 
in regard to Young People's Societies, and how 
their usefulness might be increased. The Pastor 
said that he would arrange to be -present at their 
meetings as often as possible, and suggested that the 
Elders do the same. This will keep us in sympathy 
with an important part of the congregation, increase 
our influence over them, and enable us to guide 
and encourage them in the church work they are 
so ready to undertake. The various committees 
could be made very helpful in furnishing trained 
workers in every department of church activity, and 
prepare some to be efficient Elders and Deacons. 
If the members of the Session keep in touch with 
them, there need be no apprehension that these 
Societies may take the place of, or interfere with, 
other organizations of the church. Junior Societies 

80 



vouxG people's associations 



should also be encouraged, and be brought into 
close relation to the Sabbath school, that as early 
as possible the children may feel the duty of pro- 
fessing faith, and engaging in some christian work. 
Activity and zeal which lack early development 
and training are usually w^anting in important ele- 
ments of efficiency. That which is begun in child- 
hood is seldom lost in later years. 

The Pastor said that while he did not approve of 
women speaking or praying in mixed assemblies, 
he considered it very important that in every church 
there should be prayer meetings for women only, 
and under their own control. The Pastor would 
have supervision of these, as of all other services, 
and should visit them occasionally. The Elders also 
might be invited sometimes to speak to them on 
certain subjects. It is profitable in some places 
to have girls' meetings for prayer under proper 
leadership. 

Our senior Elder asked about Women's Temper- 
ance Unions. The Pastor said that these should 
receive full encouragement from the Session. 
When conducted on gospel principles, they do 
much good to a class of people in great need of 
sympathy and help. The several departments of 
their work should receive due, if not equal atten- 
tion. It is important to excite and direct public 
opinion on this great subject. Public meetings 
addressed by men; women's conventions for consul- 
tation and mutual encouragement; articles in the 
papers; tract distribution: and other means are very 
important and helpful. But the real work of these 

8i 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



Societies should be found in private and united 
prayer; seeing that true principles of temperance 
are taught in the Sabbath and day schools; in dis- 
couraging all drinking customs and associations; 
in seeking out and guarding the tempted ; in secur- 
ing the execution of existing temperance laws; in 
alleviating the sufferings of the families of drunk- 
ards; and in laboring with great patience and faith 
to reclaim the fallen. None of these ought to be 
neglected. The Pastor said that as Chairman of 
the Presbytery's Committee on Temperance, he had 
been much saddened by the reports he received from 
the several Temperance Societies of . the churches. 
They all spoke of state, county, tow^n, and church 
conventions held; speeches delivered by members, 
distinguished orators, and reformed drunkards; but 
very seldom was reported any personal effort to 
reclaim the inebriate, except perhaps by raising 
money to send him to some institution for treat- 
ment. Temperate people are naturally indignant 
at the selfish folly of the inebriate's sin, and at the 
terrible privations and sufferings which he brings 
on his wife and children. They do not understand 
the influence of associations, nor the fierce hanker- 
ing for liquor when the appetite is once excited; 
they do not appreciate the vain efforts made at self- 
reformation; and are inclined to think that he is an 
inveterate sinner, unwilling to be reclaimed, and 
not fit to be saved. The gospel is often regarded 
as inefficacious in such a case, and his death is 
sometimes considered a relief and a blessing to all. 
A true Temperance Society will have less public 

82 



YOUNG PEOPLE'S ASSOCIATIONS 



Speaking, and much more personal private labor 
for the prevention and cure of drunkenness, accom- 
panied with constant prayer. Appeals to manli- 
ness, the will power, self and family interests, the 
efficacy of pledges, and other arguments often used, 
are based on the false idea that human ability can 
resist or overcome this sin (and, therefore, every 
other sin), which is contrary to Scripture and all 
experience. The gospel of Christ and the power 
of the Spirit are the divinely appointed means, and 
the only efifective ones for deliverance from temp- 
tation and sin. Reformation without conversion 
can never be relied on. Temperance people should 
be reminded, that the use of liquor is not the only 
sin, nor the cause of all sins, and that a reformed 
drunkard is not necessarily a saint, able to resist 
all temptations and sins. 

I asked the Pastor what he thought of the 
" Circles of King's Daughters.'* He said that he 
valued them very highly. In his former charge, 
there were two Circles, under the leadership of 
superior women, who knew how to interest the 
girls and teach them to look cut for opportunities 
for doing something in His name.'' They had 
significant mottoes, and lived up to their meaning: 

The Always Ready Circle," and " The Thought 
and Action Circle." They were his efficient helpers. 
He frequently called on them for different kinds of 
church service, and found them ever willing to do 
anything for him and the church. He was often 
surprised to discover their ministrations of love to 
the sick and infirm. He would be glad to have 

83 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



such Circles in this parish. We ought to have also 
" Mission Bands for our young people. It is not, 
however, well to start too many plans at once. 
Success depends upon really qualified leaders ; these 
must be first secured and trained in existing organi- 
zations. When we do adopt them, care must be 
taken that our young people be divided among 
them. They all ought to be engaged in work, but 
some restriction must be made as to the number of 
societies to which each may belong. The selection 
should be according to the preference and circum- 
stances of each. A transfer from one to another 
should be only after conference with the Presidents 
of the organizations involved, and for sufficient 
reasons. Very often young people in their zeal, 
undertake more than they can properly attend to. 
This is very injurious to them physically and spirit- 
ually, as well as to the work. This must be 
prevented. 

One of the Elders spoke of " the Boys' Brigade.'* 
The Pastor said that a number of Ministers had 
introduced it, and were delighted with the results, 
in holding and training the young men. He had 
not done so, because it seemed to him to be out of 
harmony with* the character of the church of Christ 
and the spirit of the Gospel of peace, in the motives 
appealed to, and the methods of work. Military 
promptness in obedience is important, but intelli- 
gent and free-will service is more acceptable to 
Christ and His church, and alike profitable to him 
who does the service, and to those for whose benefit 
that service is rendered. 

84 



XIII 



MISSIONARY SOCIETIES 

The Pastor reported that he had received appeals 
from the Board of Foreign Missions, stating the 
present embarrassed condition of the treasury, and 
asking if our people could not come to their aid. 
This brought up the benevolence of the church, 
which had for some time troubled our Pastor. Our 
collections were irregular, not in proportion to our 
ability, and for only some of the Boards. He 
found that special sermons on proportional giving, 
and short appeals made before the collections were 
taken, accomplished very little. The regular, old- 
fashioned ^lonthly Concert for Prayer for ^lissions 
was poorly attended, and excited but little interest. 
After a long discussion, it was decided to abolish 
the Alonthly Concert for Prayer, and that other 
methods be adopted. 

Giving is a duty, but it ought to be intelligent. 
Christian giving should be prompted by love to 
Christ and an interest in the several causes. This 
can be secured only by regular information of 
Christ's commission to His church, of what the 
Spirit is accomplishing, and the ef?ect of His opera- 
tions at home and abroad. Until interest has been 
excited, '^The Church at Home and Abroad," "The 

85 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



Assembly Herald/' and other missionary papers, 
however excellent, will not be read, as they should 
be. The Session therefore agreed, that special 
efforts be made to excite an interest in the benev- 
olent work of the church. The Pastor offered 
to preach a few sermons on the duty of every 
member to take part in the extension of Christ's 
cause beyond the bounds of our own congregation, 
and on the relation and the comparative importance 
of the various objects recommended by the General 
Assembly. It was resolved that at appointed times 
collections be taken for each and all these causes, 
that the Elders be divided into committees to take 
special charge of the interests of the several causes, 
to obtain and distribute information, to devise 
means to increase interest, and to get into com- 
munication with the corresponding committees of 
Presbytery. 

The committees on Home and on Foreign Mis- 
sions were each recommended to form Missionary 
Circles, with proper officers, who shall hold regular 
monthly meetings, and be placed in communication 
with the Women's Boards of our church. They 
will thus be furnished with papers, directing them 
how to effect and carry on their organizations, and 
informing them of the present state of the work in 
the different fields. The members of these Circles 
will become more interested in the knowledge they 
obtain themselves, than that which is given by some 
leader. It was suggested that the members of these 
Circles should severally take, either permanently or 
for a time, different missionary stations, and in 

86 



MISSIONARY SOCIETIES 



turn give to the Circle its history, needs, and work. 
The male and female communicants should all be 
encouraged to unite with one or the other of these 
Circles. x\fter a while some of the members may 
be found qualified to organize Junior Mission 
Bands of the younger communicants and the 
pupils in the Sabbath school, and early get them 
identified wnth mission work. By these means the 
whole congregation ought to become interested in 
benevolent operations, and our contributions will 
then greatly increase. These meetings will more 
than take the place of the Monthly Concert for 
Prayer. In the present emergency of the Board 
of Foreign Missions, the Pastor was asked to state 
the facts to the congregation and make a special 
appeal in its behalf. 

It was suggested that hereafter, when one is re- 
ceived into the communion of our church, he be 
asked with which organization for church work he 
prefers to be identified. 

I was appointed to obtain sample copies of The 
Church at Home and Abroad ^' and of " The As- 
sembly Herald," and with the help of some of the 
young people to endeavor to procure subscribers. 
Every household should be supplied with these 
important publications, as well as with a Presby- 
terian weekly paper. 

An Elder asked, if it would not greatly increase 
the interest in missions if the members of these 
Circles should open a personal correspondence with 
some one or more of the missionaries in the field. 
The Moderator replied, Certainly, but it would be 

87 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



an additional tax on the time of the missionaries, 
and it would probably contract our own sympathies 
and contributions to the special fields of those mis- 
sionaries.'' The Boards constantly furnish letters 
from individual missionaries in all parts of the 
world. These are in many respects better than 
regular personal letters. The Board does not rec- 
ommend it, yet would consent to assign a mission- 
ary to the church, which is willing to assume his 
entire support. In that case, there would be a 
regular correspondence between the Missionary and 
the church. Arrangements may also be made to 
have visits from returned missionaries, which w411 
prove very instructive, and give us a better idea 
of the work, and the manner in which it is accom- 
plished. A detailed knowledge of one field will 
teach much of all others, yet if our interest be con- 
centrated on one, we would exaggerate its relative 
importance, and lose interest in the general work of 
the church. 

The question whether other collections, than 
those recommended by the General Assembly, 
should be allowed, was left to be decided by the 
Session, when the occasion should arise. 

Elder Smith asked, if something could not be 
done to improve our method of collecting our mis- 
sionary funds. He did not know who had charge 
of them, nor how much was received, until the 
annual report w^as read. The Pastor said he was 
glad the question had been raised. Ke had long 
felt our whole system was wrong. When he came, 
he naturally adopted the methods of his predeces- 

88 



MISSIONARY SOCIETIES 



sor. He had made short appeals from the pulpit 
when the collections were to be made, and after the 
service he had taken the money from the plates, and 
at the manse he counted and recorded the amount, 
and presently sent his check to the Board. He 
knew the people had confidence in him. But he 
felt that any evil disposed person might, at any 
time, call in question his honesty, and he would 
have no means to prove his innocence. He washed 
at once to be relieved. The care of benevolent 
funds of the church did not belong to the Trustees, 
nor to the Deacons, but to the Session. He there- 
fore proposed that an Elder be now elected the 
Treasurer of the Session, and that he shall have 
charge of all the benevolent funds, however col- 
lected, and of other moneys raised for Sessional 
v/ork; that two other Elders be appointed auditors, 
one of whom shall always be present when the 
Treasurer receives and counts the collections. They 
shall, every six months, audit the book of the Treas- 
urer, examining the vouchers, etc., and report to 
Session. One week after a collection has been 
received, the amount shall be made known by the 
Pastor to the congregation. It was recommended 
that proper cards be furnished to the people on the 
Sabbath of a collection, that those, who are not 
prepared with money, may write on these cards 
their names and the amount they wish to contrib- 
ute. The Treasurer will, in a few days, call on 
them. This plan ought to increase the interest of 
the congregation in our benevolent causes, and 
give confidence that everything is conducted on 

89 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



strict business principles. This of itself should in- 
duce our people to contribute more liberally. 

The Pastor said, his brother has lately adopted 
a plan which has in a short time doubled the con- 
tributions of his people. He has placed a letter- 
box in the vestibule of the church, with a card over 
it giving the name of the Board to which the 
month's contribution will be sent. Each Sabbath 
he calls attention to the box, and says a few words 
about the Board, and after the service the Treasurer 
and Auditors remove and count the money. A 
neighboring Pastor has cards on which the duty 
of contribtiting annually to all the Boards is clearly 
set forth. A list of these is arranged with blanks 
to be filled with the sums which are promised to be 
contributed. The cards are distributed among the 
communicants, who are requested to fill the blanks 
and sign the cards and return them to the Treasurer. 
Another constantly urges his people to give freely 
to the Boards, and collections are regularly taken. 
At the end of every three months the amount re- 
ceived is, by the Session, divided among the several 
Boards according to the ratio suggested by the 
General Assembly. 

The chairman of the Presbytery's Committee on 
Systematic Benevolence recommended in his last 
report. First, That every church should give to 
every Board; Second, That every communicant 
should give to every Board; and. Third, That every 
one should give a definite proportion of his income 
to the Lord. The Pastor said that he had frequently 
urged these simple and scriptural principles. 

90 



MISSIONARY SOCIETIES 



In addition to the collections in the church and 
the missionary societies, the Session arranged for 
regular contributions to the Deacons' fund. It 
was thought best to follow the usual custom of 
devoting the collection taken at the Communion 
service to this object, and the Pastor was requested 
to remind the congregation that the collection 
would be for the poor of the church, and the 
Deacons were asked to prepare, when necessary, 
a short statement of the condition and needs of the 
fund, for the Pastor to read from the pulpit. Usu- 
ally the expense of the communion is taken out of 
this collection, but in some churches it is met 
by a draft on the Sessional treasury, and in others 
by a special collection at the preparatory service. 
The objection to the last plan is that it diverts 
attention from the spiritual significance of the 
Sacrament, to the mere cost of the bread and wine. 

One of the Elders moved that a Sewing Society 
be formed to prepare garments and other comforts 
for our Home Missionaries. This was seconded by 
the Elder, who has charge of the interests of the 
Board of Freedmen, making an amendment that 
some of the boxes be sent to the schools and col- 
leges in the South for the colored people, and 
to Lincoln University, Pa. He further urged 
that religious books be included. He spoke of 
the needs of these students and their diligence in 
study. Other amendments were made by the 
Elders in charge of the other Boards. It was 
finally agreed that the various organizations in the 
church be recommended to form a Sewing Society, 

91 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



to be composed of the ladies of the congregation, 
who shall determine to whom missionary boxes 
shall be sent; that the Elders, representing our dif- 
ferent Boards, shall be permitted in turn to be 
present and plead their causes, and to suggest such 
books to be read, while the ladies are at work, as 
they may deem profitable. 

It was proposed, that after the Missionary Bands 
for the children are started, that a similar society for 
girls should be formed under a competent leader, 
who shall teach the children to sew, and interest 
them in working for others and in the various mis- 
sionary stations at home and abroad. The boys 
should not be excluded. They should be taught 
to gather information, and to present it in an attrac- 
tive manner to the girls, while at work. 



92 



XIV 



THE TRUSTEES 

A distinguished lecturer is in town, and has 
appHed to the Board of Trustees for the use of 
our church on Friday evening for his lecture. The 
Trustees have consented to let him have it, as we 
have no service that evening. The Pastor informed 
us, that he was troubled about it. He had no ob- 
jection to the man, and he was assured that the 
lecture would be instructive and interesting. But 
he did not think that the church should be used for 
anything, except the worship of God, which includes, 
of course, religious instruction. His most serious 
objection was, that the Trustees had transcended 
their powers, and assumed the prerogative of the 
Session. The principle involved was an important 
one. The relative duties of the Trustees and the 
Session ought to be clearly understood, that there 
may be full cooperation between the two bodies. 
Many of the powers of the Trustees are determined 
by the charter and the laws of the State. These 
differ in dif¥erent localities, and must be known 
and carefully observed, for the right to the property 
may be involved. But there are certain facts, 
which are very generally recognized, A Trustee is 
one to whom property, not his own, is committed 

93 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



in trust, to hold for the owner's use and benefit. 
Trustees of church property cannot determine when 
or how it is to be used. They must keep it in good 
repair and condition for church purposes, which shall 
be determined by those authorized to conduct the 
services. So our General Assembly in 1863 de- 
clared the custody and care of the property per- 
tains to them [the Trustees] for the uses and pur- 
poses, for which they hold the trust. These uses 
and purposes are the worship of God, and the 
employment of such other means of spiritual im- 
provement as may be consistent with the Scriptures, 
and according to the order of the church; . . . 
By the constitution of the church, the Session is 
charged with the supervision of the spiritual inter- 
ests of the congregation; and this includes the right 
to direct and control the use of the building for the 
purposes of worship, as required or established by 
the special usage of the particular church, or ^ The 
Directory for Worship.' . . . The Session is 
the organ or agent, through whom the Trustees 
are informed how and when the church building 
is to be occupied, and the Trustees have no right 
to refuse compliance with the action of the Session 
in this regard." This has been several times re- 
iterated. The Supreme Court of the United States 
in 1872, decided that by the acknowledged rules 
of the Presbyterian Church, the trustees are the 
mere nominal title holders and custodians of the 
church property. . . . That in the use of the 
property for all religious services or ecclesiastical 
purposes the Trustees are under the control of the 
. 94 



THE TRUSTEES 



church Session. That by the constitution of all 
Presbyterian churches, the Session, which is the 
governing body in each, is composed of the Ruling 
Elders and Pastors. . . . The Trustees are sub- 
ject in their official relation to the property, to the 
control of the Session of the church.'* 

This being the case, our Trustees had no right to 
grant the use of the church building to the lecturer. 
They should have referred him to us. It was there- 
fore proposed that the Trustees and the lecturer be 
informed, that the agreement must be cancelled, as 
the building could not be used for secular purposes 
and the personal profit of an individual. The 
Elders were ready to pass such a resolution, and 
thought this an effective method of preserving the 
sanctity of the building, and of showing the Trustees 
the extent and limits of their authority. The Pas- 
tor advised a different method, which was finally 
adopted, that no action be taken in this case. The 
character of the man and of his lecture being 
good, no real harm will be done. Any opposition 
or protest on our part, at this late date, would cause 
excitement, give unnecessary offence to the Trus- 
tees, and make a public issue between the two 
bodies of officers, w^here perfect harmony has been 
and should continue to be. It might also lead to 
much misunderstanding and trouble in the church. 
It was decided, that after the lecture had been deliv- 
ered, the Session should invite the Trustees to meet 
with us for consultation, at which meeting the 
whole matter of our relative duties should be fra- 
ternally considered. 

95 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



We desire to inquire of them, whether they can 
make some change in Hghting the audience and 
lecture rooms of the church. Our evening services 
are depressing, because of insufficient hght. The 
present oil lamps are old and out of order, and the 
electric lights have lately been introduced into the 
town. The contrast between the streets, stores, 
and taverns, all brilliantly illuminated, and our 
church, so dimly lighted that we can hardly read, is 
greatly against our comfort and efficiency. If they 
can thus relieve us, it may be wise at the same time 
to introduce the electric lights into the Sabbath 
school rooms, and the ladies' parlor. 

There is another matter which we should con- 
sider with them. Chapter xxii., section 3, of the 
Form of Government says, In order, as far as 
possible, to procure a respectable and full delega- 
tion of all our judicatories, it is proper that the 
expenses of Ministers and Elders, in their attend- 
ance on these judicatories, be defrayed by the 
bodies which they respectively represent." We 
have learned that our Pastor has been in the habit 
of defraying his expenses to the meetings of Pres- 
bytery and Synod, and that the Elder goes, if he 
feels able to pay his own way. This is not right, 
and, with the loss of time at business or work, 
becomes a heavy burden to some. It is a question, 
whether these travelling expenses should be paid 
out of the Sessional fund in the hands of our 
Treasurer, or out of the Trustees' congregational 
moneys. This must be determined in conference. 
We hope the Trustees will offer to pay them, 
. 96 



THE TRUSTEES 



as our fund is small and there are many demands 
on it. 

The question was asked in regard to the payment 
of the Pastor's salary. He reluctantly replied, that 
it was not paid promptly, and that sometimes he 
was put to some inconvenience. The income of 
the church was sufficient to meet all the expenses. 
But the manner of collecting the funds was faulty, 
and hardly business-like. This led to a discussion 
of the proper manner of conducting church finances. 
Our own was the now popular one, the envelope 
system, against which our Pastor had serious objec- 
tions, some of which had become apparent in the 
congregation. Its claim to be the scriptural plan, 
is based upon a wrong interpretation of a few pas- 
sages, which referred, not to the support of the 
local church, but to the relief of the poor, and the 
extension of the gospel in other parts. Indeed, 
nothing is said in the New Testament of any system 
for the local church, save that those who ministered 
in spiritual things have a right to reap of carnal 
things, as it was ordained in the Old Testament. 
The way in which this was to be done was not 
determined, but left to each congregation, accord- 
ing to its peculiar circumstances. In this envelope 
system, the accounts of the Treasurer are very com- 
plicated, and demand of him a great deal of time 
and trouble, and there can be no real auditing of 
his receipts. Many persons find it very inconve- 
nient to obtain the. exact change for each Sabbath's 
envelope. Although some may find it easier to 
pay thus in small sums, it is not so with many. 

97 



THE RULIXG ELDER AT WORK 



It is indeed provided that every one may pay 
at such times as he may see fit, but the efficiency 
of the system depends much upon all carrying 
out its details of regular contributions. The 
fact, that the more wealthy do not use the 
weekly envelope, discourages others. The se- 
crecy maintained does, perhaps, no harm to the 
conscientious, but is found to encourage meanness 
in others. The whole system is based upon a Con- 
gregational principle, individualism. Personal re- 
sponsibility and habits in giving should be empha- 
sized in Presbyterian churches in connection with 
the family relation. This is ignored by an essential 
part of the envelope plan, the free pew system, 
which is pressed on the plea that the poor and the 
stranger will much more be inclined to enter a 
church when the pews are declared to be free. 
This miay, perhaps, be true in some places, but the 
Pastor stated that his father, after long experience 
in the pastorate, was convinced that outsiders could 
not be thus attracted. Advertisements of free pews, 
open doors, and smiling ushers with outstretched 
hands will not attract them. They must be sought 
in the streets and lanes, in the highways and hedges, 
and personally invited, compelled " to come in. 
When the reply is made, Your pews are not free,'* 
it is an excuse and not the real reason. The stranger 
feels he is welcomed, when greeted with, ''Come, sit 
in my pew," or '' Mr. Smith will be pleased to see 
you in his pew,'' rather than when you say, *' These 
pew^s are all free: sit where you please." In the 
Old and New Testaments emphasis is laid upon the 

98 



THE TRUSTEES 



family relation. Households ought to appear as 
such, in the house of God. Parents and children 
should sit together,, and have in that church a joint 
possession, which increases as generations come 
and go. The family pew ought not to be discarded. 

There is a modification of this plan, in which, 
while the pews are said to be free i^because no rent 
or charge is made for them), to each family a pew 
is assigned, according to preference or size, and irre- 
spective of its abilit}' to pay much or little. And 
that pew is secured to it as long as the family may 
desire to retain it. The family is asked, how m.uch, if 
anything, it is willing to contribute, and envelopes 
are furnished. This is better. The poor is not 
hampered in obtaining a pew in a good position 
and sufficiently large for his family. But this does 
not fully meet the idea of a family pew. 

The plan of an annual sale or rent of the pews, 
by auction, has been in some places adopted, btit is 
inconsistent with the principles of the Gospel, and 
is the fruitful source of trouble, wherever it has 
been introduced. 

The ideal plan, and that which has the most 
Scriptural authority, is the tithe system. The 
Priests and the Levites under the Old Dispensation 
were undoubtedly supported in part by the tithes 
of the people. The Xew Testament seems to en- 
dorse it. while it insists more upon the voluntary 
offerings of christians moved by the love of Christ 
and for their brethren in the Lord. The community 
of goods spoken of in the Acts was not communism. 
Possessions, whether sold or unsold, were still in 

99 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



the power of the owners, to be given or withheld 
as they pleased. In love to Christ and the brethren, 
all property was regarded as held for the good of 
all, and distribution was made as every man had 
need. Could christians be prompted to consecrate 
the tenth of their income to the Lord, ' dividing it 
as each man saw fit to the support of his ow^n 
church and the various benevolent objects, there 
would be no trouble with church finances, and our 
Boards would have all that they need to carry on 
their important operations. Our Pastor and Ses- 
sion determined to aim at this by urging, publicly, 
privately, and by example, the duty and privilege of 
each to set apart a certain proportion (to be deter- 
mined by each for himself) of his income to the 
Lord's service. It was suggested that those agree- 
ing to do so should inform the Pastor of the fact, 
that their number may encourage others to follow 
their example. 

It was resolved, that at the conference with the 
Trustees, this matter be considered, and that they 
be urged to make some modification in their meth- 
ods, and that we suggest that whatever plan be 
adopted, that these ideas be included: 

1. The family shall be clearly recognized. 

2. The permanent standing and participation in 
the house and worship of God of each household 
shall be secured. 

3. There shall be set times for the payment of 
church dues, and receipts shall be always given for 
the same. 

4. All salaries and bills shall be promptly paid. 

100 



THE TRUSTEES 



5. Pews near the pulpit shall be assigned to the 
teachers and pupils of the Academy of this place. 

6. Pews in different parts of the church shall be 
reserved for the use of strangers, but shall not be so 
marked. 

The development and adoption of such a plan 
must be left to the Board of Trustees. 

Another matter that should be considered at the 
conference is the music,, including the choir. It is a 
delicate subject, and often causes trouble. Whatever 
is done must be attempted with prudence, and in a 
christian spirit. At present the leader, organist, 
and the other members of the choir are selected and 
engaged by the Trustees, and they are artistically 
very good, but they have no other connection with 
the church. Fortunately they behave with pro- 
priety and give satisfaction. The Pastor informed 
us, that a short time ago he had been obliged to 
tell the Trustees, that the choir, sitting behind him, 
had annoyed him and the congregation, by unnec- 
essary whispering and moving about, an3 once or 
twice by levity. They had corrected the evil. But 
he said that the whole plan was wrong. The 
church music was not for the amusement of the 
people, nor a means to attract strangers, although 
often so regarded. The church should not be dese- 
crated into a concert-hall. Those who might come 
to hear music will go where they can find the most 
secular music, and the least evangelical preaching. 
This had been his observation in several places. 
Church music is an aid in the worship of God, and 
' therefore it must be under the direction of the Ses- 

lOI 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



sion. Those who lead in this part of public wor- 
ship should be as certainly christians as those who 
lead in the prayers and in the preaching of the 
word. Otherwise it becomes a mockery. All con- 
nected with the choir should be earnest christians. 
He told us that his father had one Sabbath preached 
in a church where the leader of the choir was an 
opera singer, and always chose the hymns to suit 
the classical music he had selected for the service; 
and, during the preaching, he with the other mem- 
bers of the choir retired to a beer saloon, and re- 
turned to lead in the closing hymn. The General 
Assembly has declared that the music of the church 
is under the care and direction of the Session. 
The choice of the members of the choir, the books, 
music, and instruments to be used must be deter- 
mined by the Session. Those who lead in singing 
should be, as far as practicable, only those who 
are communicants in the church, and amenable to 
its jurisdiction.'' " The introduction of choirs or 
musical instruments can be justified only as they 
serve this end (to inspire and express devotion) and 
aid or accompany sacred song; and no display of 
artistic skill, no delicacy of vocal training, no meas- 
ure of musical ability, compensates for the viola- 
tion, or even neglect, of the proprieties of divine 
worship." 

The Elders were surprised to learn that our 
responsibility extended to the music. The Pastor 
charged us to undertake it with prudence, and to 
remember that the Trustees had also a part in this 
work, being in charge of the finances of the congre- 

102 



THE TRUSTEES 



gation. Funds were needed to secure proper 
music. It was therefore resolved, that at the pro- 
posed conference, the above facts be stated by the 
Pastor, and that our mutual responsibilities in this 
matter be clearly understood. It was known that 
some of the Elders had very little knowledge of 
music. It was determined to appoint a committee 
of Elders, on the music of the church, including that 
of the Sabbath schools and prayer meeting services. 
This Committee shall be in constant conference with 
the Pastor, and who, under the direction of the Ses- 
sion, shall attend to this matter. I am glad that I 
am not on that committee. At the conference with 
the Trustees, it was decided to inquire of them con- 
cerning these points: 

I. When do the present contracts with the mem- 
bers of the choir expire? 2. How much does the 
Board of Trustees appropriate annually for the 
m.usic. and can they continue this amount for 
the coming year? 3. Could means be procured 
for the purchase of a pipe organ, to take the place 
of the melodeon now in use in the church? 4. 
AVould it be practicable to secure a voluntary choir 
from our own communicants, if a proper teacher 
or leader was provided? 5. Would it be expe- 
dient to engage a christian instructor at once to 
form a singing class from which we may hereafter 
choose m.embers for the choirs, the church. Sabbath 
schools, and other services? 6. Whether it can be 
arranged to introduce the new Hymnal lately pub- 
lished by the Board of Publication? (The hymn 
book, we now have, has not been authorized by the 

1^3 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



General Assembly.) 7. If a new hymn book 
be introduced, should the books be owned by the 
church, or should they be purchased and owned by 
individuals? Each plan has its advantages, but it 
seems to us, that the church ought at least to supply 
all the unoccupied pews with Bibles and hymn 
books. 

The necessity of increasing the accommodations 
for the Sabbath school is becoming more apparent. 
The changes lately introduced, and the visitation of 
the Elders, have brought in a number of new schol- 
ars. Our rooms are now full, and more classes 
ought to be formed. Indeed, one is now held in 
the gallery of the church. One of the Elders 
asked, if it would not be well to build on the ad- 
joining lot, which is owned by the church, an addi- 
tion which could meet the wants of the school, and 
furnish reading-rooms and parlors in which young 
men could be entertained and instructed during the 
week, instead of being enticed into places of temp- 
tation and vice. The Pastor replied that he had 
long desired an enlarged accommodation for the 
school, and proper rooms for the purpose men- 
tioned. He thought perhaps, if the new building 
could be erected, the present schoolroom could be 
made into the needed reading-room and parlors for ( 
the young men. But the erection of buildings 
and changes in them were not Sessional work. It 
was, indeed, our province to inform the Trustees 
what accommodations and changes we desired, 
and we could do so at the proposed conference. 
Should they agree with us, they should devise a 

104 



THE TRUSTEES 



plan by which the required funds could be raised, 
and call a meeting of the congregation to authorize 
them to undertake the work. A committee would 
then probably be raised to collect funds, and an- 
other to attend to the procuring of proper plans 
for the building. On this last committee one or 
more of the Session, with the Pastor and the Super- 
intendent, as well as some of the Trustees should be 
placed. It was resolved that this matter also be 
referred to the consideration of the Trustees. 

As there are so many subjects of importance, in 
which the responsibilities of the Session and those 
of the Trustees are involved, it was decided to pro- 
pose, that there shall be regular meetings for con- 
ference between the two bodies, as often as once in 
two months. This will increase the mutual under- 
standing of our relative duties, prevent friction, and 
secure cooperation and increased efficiency. 

The Pastor had promised the Trustees to speak- 
to the Session in regard to collections. Those for 
the Boards are ordered by the General Assembly, 
and are under the direction and care of the Session. 
This is clearly understood. But the Trustees depend 
partly on the Sabbath collections for the income of 
the church, and fear that this will decrease if col- 
lections are taken for all the Boards. The Pastor 
had expressed his conviction that the more the 
people did for others, the more they will do for 
their own church. He believed, too, that if the 
plan of proportional giving be introduced, and a 
better method of collecting the revenue adopted, 
the income would be greatly increased. They had 

105 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



* 

also told him, that they were often asked that col- 
lections might be taken in the congregation, either 
publicly or privately, for special objects. Many of 
these were very worthy, and appealed strongly to 
their feelings. It was often hard to refuse, and 
they were frequently perplexed to know how to 
grant the request. He had replied, that all the 
benevolence of the congregation was under the 
direction of the Session, which alone could order 
collections to be taken. Many of these touching 
appeals ought to be referred to the appropriate 
Board of our church. To his certain knowledge, 
money had been collected in our congregation for 
objects which had been carefully examined by the 
officers of the Boards, and either received the 
needed help, or been found unworthy of the money 
demanded. The Session were in a position to 
ascertain the facts, and to encourage the worthy 
causes. Of course every one is free to contribute 
or not to any cause, and the Session has no right 
to dictate. But it would be wise in our people to 
seek the information which the Session is ready to 
impart, before answering these appeals. 



io6 



XV 



THE AXXUAL MEETING 

The conference with the Trustees gave great 
satisfaction and was productive of important re- 
sults. We found them ready to cooperate with us 
in carrying out the suggestions we made. At that 
joint meeting the President of the Board of Trus- 
tees said that they had found it difficuk to obtain a 
proper congregational meeting to hear the annual 
reports and to elect Trustees. Often very few were 
present who were not members of the Board. 
When others were urged to come they would 
answer, there is no necessity, everything is right, 
we have perfect confidence in the Trustees, and do 
not desire any change. It is, of course, pleasant to 
have the confidence of the congregation, but the 
Trustees, who bear heavy responsibilities, and give 
much time and labor to the church without com- 
pensation, should have the expressed sympathy of 
the people, and their approval of the management 
of the trust. And on the other hand, the people 
ought to keep themselves informed of the condition 
and care of their property. The Pastor said he 
most fully agreed with all that had been said, and it 
applied also to the benevolent funds, which were 
in charge of the Session, and to the operations of 
the various societies of the church. He informed 

107 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



US, that in several churches in our Presbytery an 
annual meeting was held and well attended, at 
which the yearly reports of all the finances and the 
activities of the congregation were read, and this 
was followed by a social entertainment. It has 
proved to be very enjoyable and profitable. The 
chairman asked, how could the Board conduct its 
business in such a meeting, when the charter re- 
quired that only male adults, contributing to the 
support of the -church, can take part. The Pastor 
replied that the charter did not forbid the presence 
of others. All would be interested in hearing the 
reports, they could remain spectators while the legal 
voters nominated and elected the officers, and trans- 
acted any other business which was necessary to be 
done. It is usual at such a meeting, however, to 
attend to that only which the charter requires to be 
performed. All other business, especially that 
which requires deliberation, could be deferred to the 
next meeting of the Board. A more serious diffi- 
culty is the time specified in the charter, the first 
Tuesday of February, whereas our ecclesiastical 
year closes on the first day of April, which is fixed 
by the fact that the reports of the church and the 
Boards must be then prepared for the General 
Assembly, which meets in May. It was therefore 
agreed that at the next meeting of the congregation, 
the Trustees should ask for authority and direction 
to apply to the Legislature for a change in the char- 
ter, that it may read, " The annual meeting shall be 
held on the first Tuesday in April.'' The Pastor 
suggested another change to be made which he 

io8 



THE AXXUAL MEETIN'G 



considered of even more importance. The privilege 
of voting should not be restricted to adult males 
who contribute, but ought to be extended to all the 
communicants in good standing, of whatever age 
or sex, and whether they are able to contribute or 
not. All are equally interested in the care of the 
property, and ought to have a voice in the choice 
of those who are to manage it. If one has discre- 
tion enough to become a member in full standing, 
he ought to be qualified with intelligence and moral 
principle to vote for Trustees. This is one of the 
privileges of communicants from which the General 
x\ssembly declared, in 1866, none can be excluded 
without a decision of the church Session, in which 
all such power is vested. This would entitle women 
to vote, as in meetings called by the Session. If 
they can, by our polity, vote for Elders and Deacons 
to manage the spiritual interests, their ability to 
elect Trustees to take charge of temporal affairs 
should not be questioned. The President of the 
Board of Trustees said he would gladly ask for 
authority to apply for this change also in the 
charter. 

At our next meeting of Session the above recom- 
mendations were approved. After various sug- 
gestions, it was resolved,, that hereafter an annual 
meeting of the church and congregation shall be 
held on the first Tuesday of April, to be called by 
the Session and the Board of Trustees. 

As the necessary change in the charter cannot be 
obtained for some time, tlie Trustees were requested 
to arrange that next February,, after the election of 

109 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



officers and the transaction of the business required 
by the charter, the meeting should adjourn to meet 
on the first Tuesday of April. At the annual meet- 
ings of the church and congregation, the Pastor and 
the President of the Board of Trustees shall preside 
in turn. The children of the Sabbath schools shall 
be specially invited. The Elders were requested to 
notify all the organizations in the church, to pre- 
pare short written reports of their finances and 
operations, and have them ready for this annual 
meeting. They should contain a history of the past 
year, and such suggestions as may be thought need- 
ful for greater efficiency. The Clerk of Session 
shall give a brief summary of our actions, so far as 
may be for edification. The Elders shall present 
an account of the condition of their several districts, 
and the number of visits paid. The Pastor will 
give an enumeration of his ministerial services, the 
re-sult of his supervision of the whole congregation, 
and such criticisms and recommendations as he may 
desire. The Superintendent's report should include 
those of the Treasurer and Librarian of the Sabbath 
schools. The Young People's Association, each 
of the Missionary and Temperance Societies, and 
every other organization should have similar re- 
ports. Thus the condition and activity of the 
whole church will be presented, and plans for 
greater usefulness for another year can be proposed. 
It shall be the duty of the Elders to see that these 
reports are prepared on time, and that proper per- 
sons are appointed to read them, in case the officers 
should prefer not to appear in person. Ladies 



no 



THE ANNUAL MEETING 



chosen by the different organizations should be ap- 
pointed to provide a simple entertainment, consist- 
ing of cake and tea or coffee, to which they may 
invite the congregation after the adjournment of the 
meeting, that an hour may be spent in social inter- 
course, and in becoming better acquainted with 
each other. The enjoym.ent and profit of such a 
meeting can hardly be overestimated. Those con- 
gregations which have tried them, would not forego 
them. There will be no difficulty in inducing people 
to attend. They need and desire the information 
thus imparted. Their interest in christian work 
and their loyalty to the church and the officers will 
be greatly increased. 

The subject of annual excursions and picnics was 
introduced, and certain disorders and complaints 
connected with our last were considered. One of 
the Elders said that some of the children were dis- 
turbed by a report that during the coming year 
there would be no excursion. The cause of the late 
troubles was the want of proper organization. In 
every gathering there must be a recognized -author- 
ity, which must be capable of enforcing obedience. 
The teachers were requested to reconsider their 
decision to omit the usual festival, and to see if the 
advantages (and they are many and important) 
cannot be secured without the evils which so often 
accompany them. It will involve much labor and 
self-denial on the teachers and others, but these are 
always willingly borne for the benefit of the school 
and church. Should the teachers consent to do 
so, it was proposed that the Superintendent be the 

III 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



officer in charge, and that he shall see that com- 
mittees be appointed on the time and place of the 
picnic, on the means of transportation, on games 
and other amusements, on the provisions and serv- 
ing, on order and direction, and on other matters. 
The chairman of each committee, with the Super- 
intendent, should be a council to decide all ques- 
tions, and to prevent and correct all abuses. Each 
teacher should have a special care of his own pupils. 
The Pastor should inform the scholars of these reg- 
ulations, and that those wishing to take friends with 
them, must obtain permission from the Superinten- 
dent and be accountable for their conduct, that we 
may not again be annoyed by disorderly outsiders. 
Those members of the school and congregation who 
are not willing to submit cheerfully to authority are 
neither invited nor expected. 

Christmas festivals, concerts, and other Sabbath 
school entertainments are in the charge of the 
Superintendent and teachers, but these were re- 
minded, that any change should receive the ap- 
proval of the Session before it is adopted. One of 
the Elders asked whether the custom of giving 
Christmas presents to the Sabbath school children 
ought to be approved. The Pastor saw no objec- 
tion, provided the presents were inexpensive and 
given to all the regular scholars, including, of 
course, those who were sick. Prizes for good at- 
tendance and for committing scriptural passages, 
the Catechism, and selected hymns, might also be 
sanctioned, if open to all, and the same test was 
equally applied. To this the Session agreed. 

112 



XVI 



PRIVATE MEETINGS OF SESSION 

All the judicatories of the church hold open meet- 
ings, yet they " have the right to sit in private on 
business, which in their judgment ought not to 
be matter of public speculation." It is clearly 
imderstood by the Elders, that to be efficient in 
our oversight of the church, it is necessary that 
there should be perfect freedom and confidence in 
our consultations, that nothing said or done at 
our meetings is to be reported, except by order of 
Session. Often the characters of the communi- 
cants, the temptations of the young, the anxieties 
of the Pastor or the Elders, undeveloped plans, the 
unformed and perhaps changing opinions of the 
Elders, the first steps of discipline, and many other 
things must be considered privately. The votes 
of the several Elders, or the lack of unanimity in 
any decision, should likewise in no case be made 
known. In judicial cases all this is very important, 
and it is often necessary to sit with closed doors. 
The General Assembly has recommended to its 
subordinate judicatories, that before entering upon 
judicial process, they carefully determine what de- 
gree of privacy or publicity in the proceedings 
would be most conducive to the ends of justice, the 

113 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



peace of the church, and the spiritual benefit of the 
person tried." The Book of Disciphne says, " In 
all cases of judicial process, the judicatory may, at 
any stage of the case, determine, by a vote of tv/o- 
thirds, to sit with closed doors." 

We received notice from the Pastor that there 
would be a meeting of the Session at his house on 
Thursday evening. He reminded us of the privacy, 
which ought to be observed concerning matters dis- 
cussed in Session. He did so, because some of 
us had not been as faithful in this respect as we 
should have been, and because to-night he wanted 
to bring before us a matter, which he would be very 
unwilling to have known beyond our number. We 
were his official advisers, although the decision must 
be made by himself. 

After the service last Sabbath evening, two gen- 
tlemen and a lady called at his house, and intro- 
duced themselves as a committee from a Presby- 
terian church in a city in this State, which was 
without a Pastor. This was an entire surprise to 
him. They had heard of him from a former mem- 
ber of this church, and had been sent to hear him 
and see something of his work. They had been 
present at both services, at the Sabbath school, and 
at the Young People's Meeting. While they had 
been careful to keep the object of their visit secret, 
they had gained much of the information they 
desired, and after conference they felt that their 
church would be very willing to make out a call for 
him. They offered him a larger field, a united Ses- 
sion and church, but in which there was great need- 

114 



PRIVATE xMEETINGS OF SESSION 



of organization, a fine body of young people who 
needed only a competent leader to become efficient 
members of the church, better advantages for the 
education of his own children, and a larger salary 
promptly paid. They had a long conversation with 
him concerning his work here, and their own con- 
gregation. They would not permit him to give an 
answer to their proposition, to nominate him to 
their full committee and their Session, until he had 
fairly considered the question, and made them a 
visit, either privately or as a supply to their pulpit 
for a Sabbath. We expressed our surprise and 
sorrow, and begged him not to leave us. He replied, 
that he had no desire to do so, but wanted us to tell 
him frankly, if we knew any reason why it might 
be better for our church, that he should listen to 
this call. One by one we assured him, that it would 
be a great injury to our congregation to part with 
him. He said that he wanted at the time to decline 
taking the matter into consideration. He had no 
desire to give up the work he had begun among a 
people he loved. At his request they had enlarged 
his Session, and had shown a disposition to co- 
operate in every plan for church work which he 
had proposed. Even were he inclined to go, it 
would be ungracious for him to leave at present. 
He felt too that he had begun a work which he 
ought not to abandon, until it was fairly established. 
He knew of course that he did not satisfy all in the 
congregation, that indeed was not to be expected. 
He had a loyal Session, and while that was the case, 
he had no fear of interference with his work. No 

115 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



trouble could make much headway in a congrega- 
tion unless one of the Elders gave it some encour- 
agement. After the assurance he had just received, 
he would write at once requesting that his name be 
dropped from the list of candidates of that church. 

One of the Elders suggested, that the Pastor's 
salary should be increased. He, however, requested 
that no move be made in that direction. The money 
question had not influenced his decision. The thing 
that had annoyed him was the irregularity of the 
payments, but that had been rectified since the con- 
ference of the Session with the Board of Trustees. 

He was asked, if similar propositions had before 
been made to him. He reminded us that we had 
no right to ask such a question. Such matters were 
merely personal. Should they involve the interests 
of this church, he would feel it to be his duty, as in 
this case, to consult them. After some hesitation, 
however, he chose to admit, that he had been ap- 
proached on two other occasions, but had not 
needed advice, as his duty was clear. 

We have had several of these private meetings. 
Sometimes the Elders wanted to consult the Pastor, 
at others he desired our advice. He impressed 
upon us, while we were not to be tale bearers, or 
gossips, it was our duty to keep him informed of the 
state of the congregation, and of every thing in 
which his usefulness was involved. At such meet- 
ings much was said and conclusions reached, which 
were not intended for formal action or record. The 
facts were freely presented, and the point stated on 
which advice was desired, which was often gathered 

ii6 



PRIVATE MEETINGS OF SESSION 



from the general conversation which followed, but 
sometimes each member of the Session was asked, 
in turn, his own opinion. Rising disaffections, 
against the Pastor or the Elders, could often be pre- 
vented or overcome, if thus made known in time; 
and serious difficulties removed, when taken in their 
early beginnings. He knew a case of an aggravated 
sin in an Elder, which was an open reproach against 
the church for months and the cause of serious 
division of feeling in the congregation, while the 
Pastor was kept in absolute ignorance. He knew 
that something was interfering with his work and 
with the increase of the church. He received much 
public blame, for all thought he must know the fact, 
yet no one spoke, and even the Elders were silent. 

A meeting of the Elders without the Pastor is not 
only out of order, but is also discourteous to him, 
and a serious injury to the peace and unity of the 
church. As long as he is Pastor, he is an essential 
part of the Session and the head of it. He has a 
right to be present at every meeting held for con- 
sultation concerning the interests of the church. 
Such a meeting without him, is really, and usually 
intended to be, an act of rebellion against his 
authority, and the beginning of a conspiracy to re- 
move him from his position. No honest Elder, 
regarding his ordination vows, can countenance 
such a meeting. 

Not infrequently, however, meetings are held 
without the Pastor, but with his knowledge and 
approbation. They are private meetings, for spe- 
cial prayer and consultation concerning their per- 
il? 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



sonal work as Elders. They are often of very great 
advantage to the Elders. No sessional acts are 
performed, nor decisions rendered. New plans 
may be suggested, but are not adopted nor put into 
operation until approved by the Pastor or passed 
in Session. 



ii8 



XVII 



/ DISCIPLIXE 

Mr. Jones was still dissatisfied with the action of 
the Session in regard to the election of the Sabbath 
school officers. He talked continually of the tyranny 
and interference of the Pastor and Elders with the 
long recognized rights of the school to manage 
its own aftairs. He found fault with the new 
activity of the Elders, and criticised very severely 
our action in regard to the lecture given some time 
ago in the church. He had heard of our conference 
with the Trustees and the result in a change in their 
management of the finances. He had influenced 
some of the teachers and older scholars. He was 
trying to create dissatisfaction in the congregation, 
and had even attempted to prejudice one of the 
Elders, and some members of the congregation, by 
insinuations against the Pastor and the Superin- 
tendent. All this was reported to the Session. The 
Pastor had not heard of it, although he was not 
surprised. Our senior Elder said that the conduct 
of ^Ir. Tones was well known, and as loyal to the 
church, and in duty bound to " study the peace, 
unity, and purity of the church as well as to guard 
the honor and good name of the Pastor, he felt 
required to give this official notice and to ask the 
Session to take proper action. 

119 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



The Moderator said that he had performed his 
duty and in a proper spirit, but regretted much that 
action in this direction was necessary. He asked 
that before further consideration, we unite with him 
in earnest prayer for the guidance of the Holy Spirit. 
We did so feehng the solemnity of our responsi- 
bility. 

Our Book says that The ends of discipline are 
the maintenance of the truth, the vindication of the 
authority and honor of Christ, the removal of of- 
fences, the promotion of the purity and edification 
of the church, and the spiritual good of offenders." 
The object therefore is, not the punishment, but the 
reclaiming of the offender. After full consideration 
it was decided to appoint a committee of two Elders 
to call on Mr. Jones, and show hinj the unchristian 
spirit he is manifesting, and the injury he is doing 
to the Pastor and to the church. 

The committee afterward reported, that they had 
several interviews with Mr. Jones, in which he 
maintained that he exercised his right as a member 
of the church to express his opinion of what he 
considered an outrage. When reminded, that the 
proper way to rectify wrongs was by giving notice 
of an appeal to Presbytery, and not by privately dis- 
turbing the harmony of the church, he replied that 
he preferred to choose his own means. The com- 
mittee then thought best to intimate that he was 
committing an offence, which might lead to his 
being cited before the Session. He was not pre- 
pared for this, but presently denied our power to 
cite him, and defied us to do so. After these inter- 

I20 



DISCIPLINE 



views, he was for a time more cautious, and the 
Session waited patiently. But he was soon as 
active as ever in threatening the peace of the church 
and slandering the Pastor. 

It was therefore decided to institute a judicial 
process. Two of the Elders were appointed a com- 
mittee of prosecution to conduct the prosecution 
in all its stages, in whatever judicatory, until the 
final issue be reached." 

At the next meeting of the Session, this com- 
mittee presented, in the name of The Presbyterian 
Church in the United States of America, five 
charges, and under each of these six or seven speci- 
fications, with a long list of witnesses attached to 
each. It was all in order, but our Moderator sug- 
gested, that while in civil courts it might be well 
to have such a long indictment, in ecclesiastical 
judicatories it was much better to have few charges 
and specifications, and to cite under each only a 
few good witnesses. A single charge w^ell sustained 
would be more effective than many of doubtful im- 
portance and with uncertain testimony. Brevity 
in the charges would promote brevity in the trial, 
and be less likely to disturb the congregation. The 
prosecuting committee retired, and soon returned 
with two charges, i. Of slandering the Pastor, 
and 2. Of working against the peace and unity of 
the church. Under the first were two specifica- 
tions, giving the time and place in which he had 
declared that the Pastor was untruthful, and had 
usurped authority. Three witnesses w^ere named 
to substantiate each of these. Under the second 

121 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



charge were also two specifications and three wit- 
nesses. This was accepted, and the Clerk was 
ordered to inform Mr. Jones that at 7 p.m. on Thurs- 
day of this week the Session should meet, and in- 
vited him to be present and show cause why these 
charges should not be tabled against him. 

The Session met at the time and place appointed, 
but Mr. Jones did not appear. The Clerk reported 
that he had placed the notice in Mr. Jones' hands, 
who had glanced at it, and declared that he would 
not come. The Moderator informed us that the 
notice he had received was an invitation, not a 
citation. Had he appeared at this preliminary 
meeting, the charges would have been read, and he 
would have had the right to show why they should 
not be considered, or that they are defective in 
form. If he succeeded, the Session could dismiss 
them, or the prosecuting committee could obtain 
leave to modify them, and put them in proper legal 
form. As he did not appear, the Clerk was ordered 
to cite him to appear for trial in this place on the 
fourteenth day of November, being the tenth day 
after he should receive this citation, and that an 
authenticated copy of the charges and specifications, 
with the names of all the witnesses that shall be 
cited by the prosecution, be sent to him. He should 
be informed that the members of the judicatory may 
at any time be called on to testify without previous 
notice to the accused. His declaration that he will 
not appear does not reheve us from citing him. 

When we met on the fourteenth, Mr. Jones failed 
to appear. After waiting a half hour, the Clerk was 

122 



DISCIPLINE 



ordered to send him another citation, to meet the 
Session on next Monday evening, with a warning 
that if he does not appear in person or by counsel, 
he will be censured for contumacy, and, after ap- 
pointing some one as his counsel, the Session will 
proceed with the trial and to judgment in his 
absence. 

On Monday evening Mr. Jones appeared, but 
made no excuse for neglecting the first citation, al- 
though invited to do so. He brought lawyer Gib- 
son, a member of our church, to act as his counsel. 
The Moderator informed him, that the Book of 
Discipline states No professional counsel shall be 
permitted to appear and plead, in cases of process 
in any of our ecclesiastical judicatories. But if 
any accused person feel unable to represent and 
plead his own cause to advantage, he may request 
any Minister or Elder, belonging to the judicatory 
before which he appears, to prepare and exhibit 
his cause as he may judge proper," but such counsel 
cannot afterward sit in judgment in that case. He 
was very angry, and had to be w^arned for using 
disrespectful language in the presence of the judi- 
catory. He finally requested, that Elder Smith be 
recognized as his counsel, and that the trial be post- 
poned to allow him time to consult with him, and 
prepare his case. This was granted, and Thursday 
evening w-as appointed for the next meeting. 

The Session met on Thursday evening, and after 
the usual opening prayer, the Moderator solemnly 
announced from the chair, that the body is about to 
pass to the consideration of the business assigned 

123 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



for trial, and enjoined on the members to recollect 
and regard their high character as judges of a 
court of Jesus Christ, and the solemn duty in which 
they are about to act." The prosecuting committee 
then read the charges and specifications. Mr. 
Jones was asked if he desired to file objections to 
the regularity of the organization, or to the jurisdic- 
tion of the judicatory, or to the sufficiency of the 
charges and specifications in form or legal effect, or 
any other substantial objection affecting the order 
or regularity of the proceedings.'' His counsel said 
they had none. The Moderator then asked if he 
pleaded guilty " or not guilty.'' He replied, 

not guilty." The prosecuting committee then 
opened in a short speech. Their witnesses had re- 
ceived, more than ten days ago, citations, and were 
present, except two, one had asked to be excused 
this evening because of an important business en- 
gagement, and the other was detained by sickness. 
The committee said, they probably would not need 
testimony of the latter; if they did, they would either 
ask for the appointment of a commission to take it, 
or give due notice to the accused of the citation of 
another witness to take his place. To this Mr. 
Jones decidedly objected, denying the right of the 
committee to add to the list of witnesses, which had 
been furnished him. The committee contended 
that they had the right, giving due notice to the 
other side. They would not ask the Moderator to 
decide this point of order at this time, as in all prob- 
ability the necessity would not arise. 

The first charge and its first specification were 
124 



DISCIPLINE 



then read, arid the three witnesses were asked by the 
Moderator, " Do you solemnly promise in the pres- 
ence of the omniscient and heart-searching God, 
that you will declare the truth, the whole truth and 
nothing but the truth, according to the best of your 
knowledge, in the matter in which you are called 
to testify, as you shall answer to the Great Judge of 
quick and dead?'' They were examined by the 
prosecution, and cross-examined by the counsel for 
the accused. Their testimonies were carefully re- 
corded, and afterward read by the Clerk and signed 
by the witnesses. 

The second specification was, in like manner read, 
and the witnesses examined and cross-examined, 
etc. The second charge and its two specifications 
were managed in the same way. The prosecution 
here rested. Elder Smith said it was too late to 
make much progress in the defence, and he had no 
witness present: he therefore requested that the 
Session would adjourn for twelve days, that his 
witnesses might be cited and have the required ten 
days' notice. He was reminded that ]Mr. Jones had 
already ample notice to be ready to present his 
defence this evening, and should have had his cita- 
tions delivered long ago, nevertheless the request 
was granted. He then handed to the Clerk, a list 
of persons whom he wished cited. On the list 
were the names of some, who were not members 
of our church. He was informed that these, not 
being under our jurisdiction, could not be cited. 
We would be very willing to receive their testimony, 
if he could induce them to be present. He asked 

125 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



if he might bring a Roman Catholic; the Moderator 
said no objection would be raised. He claimed his 
right to produce witnesses, who were not on the list 
he had given to the Clerk. This was of course 
acknowledged. " All persons, whether parties or 
otherwise, are competent witnesses, except such as 
do not believe in the existence of God, or a future 
state of rewards and punishments, or have not suffi- 
cient intelligence to understand the obligation of an 
oath. Any witness may be challenged for incom- 
petency, and the judicatory shall decide the ques- 
tion.'' The credibility of a witness., or the degree 
of credit due to his testimony, may be affected by 
relationship to any of the parties ; by interest in the 
result of the trial; by want of proper age; by weak- 
ness of understanding; by infamy or maHgnity of 
character; by being under church censure; by gen- 
eral rashness or indiscretion; or by any other cir- 
cumstances that appear to affect his veracity, knowl- 
edge, or interest in the case." 

We met according to adjournment, .and all parties 
were present. We were again warned by the Mod- 
erator, that we were to sit as a court of Jesus Christ. 
Elder Smith, as counsel of Mr. Jones, opened with 
a short speech, in which he took exception to the 
fact, that some of the witnesses of the prosecution 
were present, while another was testifying. The 
Moderator read from the Book of Discipline, " No 
witness afterwards to, be examined, except a mem- 
ber of the judicatory, shall be present during the 
examination of another witness, if either party ob- 
ject." Had objection been made at the time, he 

126 



9 



DISCIPLINE 



would have required the others to retire. Mr. 
Smith, at the request of Mr. Jones, asked that the 
objection be noted. It was so ordered, with the 
reply of the Moderator. He then called for his wit- 
nesses in turn, they were examined and cross- 
examined as before. Neither party objected 
to the presence of the witnesses while others were 
examined. He stated that Mr. Jones desired that 
his wife might testify in his favor, and, as she was 
confined to the house, he requested that a letter 
from her to the Session might be received as part 
of evidence. The Moderator decided that it was 
not in order to receive it, as it was not given under 
oath, and no opportunity was provided for cross- 
examination. Mr. Jones w^as indignant and ap-- 
pealed from his decision. The Pastor informed 
him, that the Session was not competent to enter- 
tain an appeal from the Moderator's decision on 
points of order. Against it, he could appeal to 
Presbytery, or enter his exception on the minutes. 
He determined to do the latter, still contending that 
he had a right to appeal to the Session. It was 
determined to appoint a Commission of the Session, 
consisting of the Pastor and two Elders, to go to 
Mr. Jones' house to-morrow to receive the testi- 
mony of Mrs. Jones. Notice was given to both par- 
ties that they may be present. The testimony 
shall be taken in accordance with the rules govern- 
ing the judicatory," and " the testimony, properly 
authenticated by the signatures of the commis- 
sioners, shall be transmitted in due time to the 
Clerk of the judicatory, before which the case is 

127 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



pending." It shall be considered as if taken before 
the judicatory. Mr. Jones was then called to tes- 
tify. He was often very disrespectful to the Pastor, 
and to some of the other members of Session. He 
w^as often reproved, and at last was warned that if 
he repeated the offence he would be at once cen- 
sured for contumacy. Elder Smith stated that after 
the testimony of Mrs. Jones shall be taken by the 
Commission, he would rest the case. It was then 
agreed to receive the rebuttal on both sides, if there 
were any to be presented. The prosecution offered 
a letter written by Mr. Jones, which contradicted 
his testimony given before Session, and admitted 
all that the prosecution had attempted to prove. 
Mr. Jones, through his counsel, protested that the 
letter should not be read, as it was not mentioned 
in the list of evidence given to him at the beginning 
of the trial. He knew not how it had been obtained, 
and it was not sworn testimony. The Moderator 
decided it to be in order in rebuttal; it claimed 
to be signed by him, and he was at liberty to ac- 
knowledge or deny it, or to explain its meaning. 
This he refused to do. The letter was read as part 
of the evidence, and he entered his exception. The 
Session then adjourned to meet to-morrow, to hear 
the report of the Commission, and to listen to the 
closing arguments. The prosecution is to make 
the first plea, the defence will be presented by Elder 
Smith and Mr. Jones, as he made a special request 
that he be permitted to speak in his own behalf, and 
the closing speech will be by the prosecution. It 
was proposed to limit these pleas as to time, but it 

128 



DISCIPLINE 



was deemed best to leave this to the good Judgment 
of the parties. 

When the Session met again the Moderator 
reminded us that we w^ere sitting as a court of 
Jesus Christ, and we were about to enter upon 
the most solemn and responsible part of our duty. 
His prayer was earnest for our guidance, and that 
this trial might redound to the spiritual good of all 
concerned. The Commission presented an authen- 
ticated record of the testimony of Mrs. Jones, which 
w^as ordered to be received as part of the evidence in 
this case. The Committee of Prosecution made a 
short argument, summing up and commenting 
upon the evidence presented. Elder Smith and Mr. 
Jones replied, and a member of the Committee of 
Prosecution made the closing argument. The par- 
ties having now been fully heard, the judicatory 
went into private session, " the parties, their counsel 
and all other persons not members of the body 
being exchided.'' Elder Smith, although a member 
of Session, having acted as counsel, had to retire. 
I had given testimony, but a member of the judi- 
catory may be called upon to testify in a case that 
comes before it . . . and after having given 
his testimony, may immediately resume his seat as 
a member of the judicatory.'' Elder Frost was 
absent from one of the meetings, but he had care- 
fully read all the evidence and heard both parties 
plead; he could not be allowed to vote on any 
question arising therein, except by unanimous con- 
sent of the judicatory and of the parties.'' Mr. 
Jones objected, and he therefore had also to retire. 

129 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



When the Session was alone, our Pastor again 
led us in prayer, and reminded us, that we were 
about to express the judgment of a court of Christ, 
and in His name. Our authority was not inherent 
in us as christians or as officers. It was not derived 
from the people, we were not to act in this as their 
representatives. Christ has given authority to the 
Elders for the edification of the church, and for the 
maintenance of truth and His honor. This author- 
ity, we were to exercise, was ''ministerial or declara- 
tive,'' that is, as servants (Ministers) w^e were to 
declare, in Christ's name, what we believe to be 
His judgment in the case before us. 

After careful deliberation the Session proceeded 
to vote on each specification, and on each charge 
separately. One specification was not considered 
proven; the others were sustained. The judgment 
of the Session was, that Mr. Jones was guilty of the 
other specifications, and therefore of the charges, 
and that he be and hereby is suspended from the 
communion of the church, until he shows evidence 
of repentance. This was ordered to be entered 
upon the minutes, and that an authenticated copy 
be sent to Mr. Jones. It was decided that in this 
case, it is not necessary to give formal public notice 
of this judgment. Our Book of Discipline says, 
The sentence shall be published, if at all, only in 
the church or churches which have been offended." 

The Pastor informed u^, that if Mr. Jones had 
pleaded guilty," the Session could at once have 
proceeded to judgment. If he had refused to plead, 
the plea of not guilty " should have been entered, 

130 



DISCIPLINE 



and the trial would have been carried on as it had 
been. Had he been an Elder, and been found 
guilty/' the Session would have had to consider 
whether his offence had been merely official, not 
involving his christian character; if so, he would 
have been suspended from the exercise of the Elder- 
ship and not from the communion. If it did in- 
volve his christian character, and the Session sus- 
pended him from the communion, he would also be 
suspended from the exercise of his office. Restora- 
tion on repentance to the privileges of the church 
would not restore him to office. He cannot be 
restored to the function of his office, without a 
special and express act of the Session for that pur- 
pose, with the acquiescence of the church.'' His 
reelection by the communicants would seem nec- 
essary. 

Our responsibility concerning Mr. Jones does not 
end with his suspension. He is a member of the 
church under discipline. After a person is thus 
suspended, the Minister and Elders should fre- 
quently converse with him, as well as pray for him 
in private, that it would please God to give him 
repentance." He should at the proper time be in- 
formed that when a suspended person has failed 
to manifest repentance for his offence, and has con- 
tinued in obstinate impenitence not less than a year, 
it may become the duty of the judicatory to excom- 
munciate him without further trial." When a 
judgment of excommunication is to be executed, 
with or without previous suspension, it is proper 
that the sentence be publicly pronounced against 

131 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



the offender according to the form given in the 
Directory for Worship, chapter xi., section 6. 

Mr. Jones, having been sent for to hear the sen- 
tence of the Session, now appeared with his counsel. 
The Session rose and he was requested to stand. 
The Moderator then said, Whereas you have been 
found guilty, by sufficient proof, of the sins of 
slandering the Pastor and of working against the 
peace and unity of the church, we declare you sus- 
pended from the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper, 
till you give satisfactory evidence of repentance.'' A 
few words of admonition v\^ere added, and the whole 

concluded with prayer to Almighty God, that He 
would follow this act of discipline with His bless- 
ing." 

Through his counsel Mr. Jones said that he 
w^ould, within the required time, give notice of an 
appeal to Presbytery from this sentence, and asked 
for an authenticated copy of the whole proceedings. 
The Moderator replied that he could have copies at 
his own expense. A copy of the sentence, signed 
by the Moderator and Clerk, was at once placed in 
his hands. 



132 



XVIII 



APPEALS AXD COMPLAINTS 

A few days later, the [Moderator called a meeting 
of the Session, as the Clerk had received a notice 
of appeal from ^Lr. Jones. It was read, and fomid 
to be simply a declaration, that he intended to ap- 
peal from the judgment of the Session to the Pres- 
bytery at its next meeting. It was presented within 
the ten days required, and we were not required to 
object to it. But at the suggestion of the ^loder- 
ator it was returned to him, that he might, if he 
pleased, put it in such a form that the Presbytery 
could entertain it. To be in order, it should state 
the grounds of appeal (as described in section 95 
of the Book of Discipline), " with specifications of 
the errors alleged." I asked what was the effect of 
the notice of appeal. The Pastor read from the 
Book, When the judgment directs admonition or 
rebuke, notice of appeal shall suspend all further 
proceedings, but in other cases the judgments shall 
be in force, until the appeal shall be decided.'' The 
General Assembly said in 1881, " A complaint alone 
does not suspend or arrest the action complained 
of." 

On being asked, What is the difference between 
an appeal and a complaint? " the Pastor answered, 

133 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



Before 1821 no distinction was made between 
them, the usual expression was, ' We complain and 
appeal' " But now a distinction is made. ''A com- 
plaint is a written representation made to the next 
superior judicatory, by one or more persons subject 
and submitting to the jurisdiction of the judicatory 
complained of, respecting any delinquency, or any 
decision, by the inferior judicatory/' But an ap- 
peal is the removal of a judicial case, by a written 
representation, from an inferior to a superior judi- 
catory; and may be taken by either of the original 
parties, from the final judgment of the lower judi- 
catory. The original parties are the accused, and 
the one who brought the charge against him — 
the individual prosecutor, or (when the prosecution 
is initiated by a judicatory) The Presbyterian 
Church in the United States of America, 
represented by the prosecuting committee. Both 
of these parties, and no other, have a right to ap- 
peal, whatever the decision may be. Others have 
the right of complaint." 

The members of the minority of a judicatory may 
receive permission to record their dissent " ex- 
pressing disagreement with a decision of the major- 
ity in a particular case, or they may record their 
" protest," which is " a more formal declaration, 
made by one or more members of a minority, bear- 
ing testimony against what is deemed a mischiev- 
ous or erroneous proceeding, decision, or judgment, 
and including a statement of the reasons therefor." 

A reference is a representation in writing, made 
by an inferior to a superior judicatory, of a judicial 

134 



APPEALS AND COMPLAINTS 



case not yet decided." " References are, either for 
mere advice, preparatory to a decision by the in- 
ferior judicatory, or for ultimate trial and decision 
by the superior; and are to be carried to the next 
higher judicatory. If for advice the reference only 
suspends the decision of the inferior judicatory; if 
for trial, it submits the whole case to the final judg- 
ment of the superior," which however is not 
necessarily bound to give a final judgment . . . 
but may remit the whole case, either with or without 
advice, to the inferior judicatory." 

Another way by which a case could be brought 
before the higher judicatory, is by general review 
and control." All the proceedings of the Session 
must be carefully recorded. This is especially re- 
quired in judicial cases. The records must be pre- 
sented once a year to Presbytery for examination 
and approval. In such review, the judicatory 
shall examine, first, w^hether the proceedings have 
been correctly recorded; second, whether they have 
been constitutional and regular; and, third, whether 
they have been wise, equitable, and for the edifica- 
tion of the church." If anything vmwise, unjust, or 
out of order has been done, it would come before 
Presbytery for correction, even if no appeal or com- 
plaint were made. 

At our next meeting, Elder Smith in behalf of 
Mr. Jones presented a corrected notice of his appeal. 
It is now in order, and specifies as his grounds of 
appeal, that he was not permitted reasonable in- 
dulgence in the choice of a counsel; that a letter was 
received as evidence which was not mentioned to 



135 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



him at the beginning of the trial; that the members 
of the Session were prejudiced before the trial 
began; and the sentence was disproportioned to the 
offence. The prosecuting committee was notified 
to be ready to defend the sentence of Session before 
the Presbytery at its next meeting, they were 
authorized to secure counsel to assist them, if they 
deemed it to be wise. The Clerk w^as required to 
send by the delegate the full records of the case 
(or an authenticated copy of the same), all papers 
pertaining to it, together with the notice of the 
appeal, and a statement as to the date of its 
presentation to Session. All these must be placed 
in the hands of the stated Clerk of Presbytery, as 
soon as it is announced that the appellant has 
lodged his appeal with that Clerk. 

In the case of a complaint, the Session should 
appoint a committee to appear before Presbytery, 
and defend its action against the complainant. In 
a reference no committee is needed; if advice is 
asked, the reference contains the request; and if 
final adjudication is desired, the whole case is re- 
mitted to the Presbytery, and the Pastor and Elders 
of the church, as members, sit, deliberate, and 
vote.'' Nor is a committee needed when one re- 
cords a Dissent. But one is often appointed to 
prepare and answer a Protest, which should be 
recorded with it on the minutes. This should al- 
ways be done when the principles or reasons of the 
action seem to be misrepresented by the Protest. 
"If a Dissent or Protest be couched in decorous 
and respectful language, and be without offensive 

136 



APPEALS AND COMPLAINTS 



reflections or insinuations against the majority, it 
shall be entered on the records.'' 

After the trial has been initiated the prosecuting 
committee cannot be deprived of its right to appeal 
by the judicatory ordering the discharge of the 
committee. 



137 



XIX 



PASTOR'S VACATION 

According to our Pastor's call, he is to have a 
vacation of four weeks each year. He informed the 
Session he would not take one this year, because 
he desired to attend The Alliance of the Reformed 
Churches throughout the world holding the Pres- 
byterian system/' which is to meet next summer at 
Glasgow, Scotland, and to be absent then eight 
weeks. The Session was eager that he should at- 
tend the Alliance, but did not approve of his taking 
no rest this summer. They insisted upon his an- 
nual vacation, as necessary for his health and con- 
tinued efficiency, which it was their duty to see pro- 
vided for. They knew that the Trustees would 
agree with them, and they would concert with them 
to prolong his vacation next year. He thanked 
them, saying if that was the wish of the church, he 
would be ready to see that his pulpit was well sup- 
plied for the four extra weeks. The Elders replied 
that they and the Trustees would arrange to meet 
all the expenses. When the time came he received 
also a purse that he might take with him his wife, 
who was much beloved and very efficient in the 
church. 

Arrangements were then made for his vacation 
138 



pastor's vacation 



this year. The Elders agreed to take charge, in 
turn, of the Wednesday evening prayer meetings. 
The Pastor suggested that he, " with the concur- 
rence of the Session,'' invite Rev. Mr. Alexander, a 
retired Minister, belonging to our Presbytery, to be 
Moderator of Session during his absence. It was 
so agreed. A committee of three was appointed to 
secure supplies for the pulpit, arrange for their enter- 
tainment, and to see that they received promptly 
checks from the Treasurer. The Pastor was re- 
quested to furnish this committee with a list of the 
names of Ministers whom he would be willing to 
have preach in his pulpit during his absence; for as 
Pastor, he is responsible for whatever is taught even 
in his vacation. He was asked, if the son of Elder 
Smith, a candidate for the ministry, might be invited 
to preach one Sabbath. He replied, Certainly, 
since he is a licentiate, and his examination before 
Presbytery has been very satisfactory. If he had 
not been licensed, I would have been glad to invite 
him to preach, when I was myself in the pulpit." 

We Elders were remnnded that during the vaca- 
tion, the pastoral visitation and oversight will de- 
volve solely upon us. In any perplexity we may 
turn to Rev. Mr. Alexander for advice, but the 
responsibility will be ours. He will call meetings 
of Session when desired, and will preside. The 
sick and the afflicted will be our special charge. If 
any one should be dangerously ill, we should ask 
Mr. Alexander to minister to him, and in case of 
death to attend the funeral, unless the family have 
a preference for some other ^linister. We, in the 

139 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



Pastor's absence, should be the more careful to be 
present at such funerals, representing the church. 

One of the Elders suggested, that during the 
Pastor's absence it might be well to have but one 
service on the Sabbath, but he and most of the 
Elders decidedly objected to the change. The 
means of grace were as much needed in the sum- 
mer, as at other times. Irregularity in the services 
produces a decrease in the attendance, and in the 
spiritual life of the congregation. The Pastor felt 
this so much that he would have preferred to re- 
main at home all summer, rather than have the 
evening service omitted. 

Some of the Sabbath school teachers sent in a 
request that there might be a vacation for the school 
during the hot season, chiefly for the relief of the 
teachers, who felt the need of some lessening of 
their Sabbath duties. This seemed reasonable and 
received careful consideration. It was noticed that 
the Superintendent and several of the most experi- 
enced teachers had not joined in this request. The 
Pastor said he knew their judgment in the matter, 
and it agreed with his own. A vacation always 
demoralizes a Sabbath school, and causes the loss 
of both teachers and scholars. This is true, in a 
measure, even in the day school, where vacations 
are necessary, because, among other reasons, of the 
character of the instruction, and the great strain 
upon the mental powers. But the means of grace 
are always needed in forming habits and in main- 
taining and developing spiritual life. It was there- 
fore decided, that the school should be continued 

140 



pastor's vacation 



throughout the year, but the Superintendent was 
advised to make suitable arrangements, that the 
teachers, who desired rest, should in turn have sub- 
stitutes appointed for their classes. These substi- 
tutes might be those not now in connection with 
the school, but who by this temporary service might 
be secured as permanent teachers. 

During the Pastor's vacation I had an experience, 
which at the time was very trying. One of the 
young men of my district was seriously injured on 
the railroad and was reported as dying. I went at 
once for Rev. Mr. Alexander, but he was out of 
town. It was clearly my duty to go myself, and I 
w^ent in great perplexity. All was excitement in the 
house, and a number of persons were in the room, 
who made place for me. For my own and the 
patient's good, I suggested that all should retire 
except those really needed. The man was suffering 
greatly, but was not in immediate danger of death. 
He was not a christian, nor was he in the habit of 
attending church. I asked him some questions, 
which he did not answer. He seemed scarcely to 
heed what I was saying. I began, therefore, to 
exhort him to consider the condition of his soul. 
The doctor kindly told me, that he was in too much 
pain for protracted thought. A few words of sym- 
pathy and of prayer were all that he could then 
bear, and he must be kept as quiet as possible. I 
repeated a verse about the love of Christ and offered 
a short prayer. He said nothing. I came away 
thinking I had done no good, nor improved perhaps 
the only opportunity of seeking his salvation. How 

141 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



I did long for the Pastor! When I called the next 
day, I found that he was much more free from pain. 
He had been informed that he could not live. He 
welcomed me gratefully, and said the text I gave 
him yesterday,/' God so loved the world, that He 
gave His only begotten Son, that whosoever be- 
lieveth in Him should not perish, but have ever- 
lasting life,'' had been in his mind ever since. He 
was eager to hear of Christ. I said a few words 
only, as he was very weak, and again prayed with 
him. He lingered about a week, and I had many 
short talks about his past life, and the salvation pur- 
chased and freely ofifered by Christ. He seemed at 
last to manifest true penitence and faith, and ex- 
pressed his willingness to die. The family were 
satisfied that he became a christian. This was a 
great comfort, and the experience taught me how 
to perform better this part of my duty, and what 
a peculiar pleasure there was in it. Rev. Mr. Alex- 
ander also often called, and was hopeful concerning 
him, and at his request baptized him. But he dis- 
appointed me in not expressing the same confidence 
that I felt. At the funeral, he was evidently cau- 
tious in what he said or implied. 

On the return of the Pastor I told him the whole 
matter, and my dissatisfaction with the uncertainty 
which Mr. Alexander evidently felt. He replied, 
that in our visitations it was very important to con- 
sider carefully the condition and circumstances 
of those on whom we call. Often much harm is 
done by inopportune talking and long prayers. 
One important thought clearly expressed to the 

142 



pastor's vacation 



sick or afflicted is usilally all they can receive at the 
time, and is worth far more than a long conversa- 
tion, which only provokes weariness and forgetful- 
ness. Absolute silence, with an exhibition of 
sympathy, often brings more comfort to those in 
great pain or sorrow than any words that can be 
uttered. Frequent short visits are more effective 
than long ones. And a truth, in the very words of 
the Scriptures, will make a deeper impression than 
the same truth in our own language, because it 
comes with the authority and power of God. 

As to the baptism of the young man, he held, in 
accordance with our Book, that, where there was no 
church organization, and in special emergencies, 
the Minister, in virtue of his office, had the right to 
administer Baptism according to his own judgment. 
But in the bounds of a church, it is the prerogative 
of the Session to admit persons to the sealing ordi- 
nances. When this young man desired to be bap- 
tized, it was competent and orderly for Mr. Alex- 
ander to call at least some of the Elders to meet 
at the house and hear his confession of faith, and be 
present at the Baptism. Man cannot read the heart, 
and we are not called upon to decide whether one 
is indeed a christian. If he gives evidence of sin- 
cerity, and his profession of faith be credible, we 
should receive him, even if in our minds there may 
be some doubt. We should instruct and warn him 
against self-deception, and urge him to depend 
alone upon Christ. 

Deathbed repentance should be regarded as 
possible. In Scripture we have one (perhaps only 

143 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



one) case of salvation at the last hour, the penitent 
thief, that none may despair. Yet there is no en- 
couragement to delay or presumption. Pastors 
learn to be very cautious in accepting such repent- 
ance. He told me that in his ministry, he had met 
with several cases like the following: A gay young 
woman sent for him when the doctors told her that 
she could not live. She spoke freely of her past 
careless and w^orldly life, expressing great sorrow 
for sin, professing faith in Christ, and she desired 
him to pray that she might for a time recover in 
order that she might prove the reality of her repent- 
ance. Her friends were all pleased. The only 
thing that made the Pastor suspicious, was that she 
was more ready to talk of her experiences of sorrow 
for sin and present peace, than of the person and 
grace of Christ. She did recover from that attack, 
and went back to her former life. She could not 
be persuaded to attend any religious service. A few 
years later she was again very ill, and after a similar 
experience, died expressing hope of eternal life. 
Often these experiences are caused by physical 
changes. Bodily weakness brings a lassitude which 
is mistaken for spiritual peace with God. And as 
this has been preceded by an apprehension of wrath 
due to sin, it is regarded as sure evidence of con- 
version. I received many other hints and direc- 
tions from my Pastor in such conversations, which 
were very useful in my visitations. He was always 
ready thus to help me. 

During the Pastor's vacation, a meeting of the 
Session was called by Rev. Mr. Alexander, to at- 

144 



pastor's vacation 



tend to some necessary matters. A communicant, 
who had been absent from the place for several 
years, had written for her certificate to unite with 
the church she had been attending. Her name had 
long ago been placed on the reserved list, as we had 
known nothing of her address or conduct. It was 
proposed to give her a qualified letter. This the 
Moderator said would be in order. One of the 
Elders asked permission to read her letter making 
application for her certificate. In it she freely gives 
an account of her life since leaving our supervision, 
and ^ satisfactory reason for remaining so long 
without uniting with another church, while con- 
fessing the unintentional omission of communi- 
cating with us. She enclosed also a letter from the 
Pastor of the church with which she desires to unite, 
in which he says that Mrs. Harris has been under 
his supervision ever since she left our church, and 
speaks very highly of her christian life and in- 
fluence. We regarded this as satisfactory, and voted 
that a certificate of good standing be given to her. 

One of the Elders reported, that a member in his 
district had been found intoxicated, under aggra- 
vated circumstances. He had been warned, that if 
he fell into this sin again, he would be reported to 
the Session for discipline. The Elder desired that 
steps should be immediately taken. The Moder- 
ator said, that he thought it ill advised to initiate 
proceedings in the absence of the Pastor. In pre- 
siding temporarily over the Session, custom and 
courtesy demanded that he should allow only rou- 
tine business to be transacted, except in cases of 

145 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



real necessity. The Elder thought that the present 
was such a case. The man had received warning 
and expected a citation, his own official veracity 
was at stake, and he was sure that the Pastor would 
approve of immediate action. He was answered, 
that he had fulfilled his word, he had reported the 
offence. He had not been authorized to pledge 
what action the Session would take on his report. 
He could inform the man that he had reported him, 
and that action was necessarily deferred until the 
Pastor's return. This time of suspense and reflec- 
tion might prove of benefit to him. It was so 
ordered. The Moderator stated that he had often 
seen the injurious effects of initiating a process of 
discipline in the absence of the Pastor. In this 
case, he would advise the Elder in charge, to visit 
frequently the offender, and deal very faithfully with 
him, yet with great patience and gentleness. He 
should remember that drunkenness is a disease as 
well as a sin, and in the paroxysms of the disease 
a man often " would do good, but the evil is present 
with him and how to perform that v/hich is good he 
finds not.'' This evil in the body, as well as the sin 
which easily besets the soul, should increase our 
sympathy and helpfulness for all those who are 
struggling to reform. Frequent lapses, while in- 
excusable in them, ought not to discourage us who 
are conscious of being often in like manner over- 
come by our own besetments, which in God's sight 
may be as heinous. It may be, that the Elder's 
influence and instruction may render further action 
of the Session unnecessary. The Elder thanked 

146 



pastor's vacation 



him for the advice, and promised to do what he 
could. He acknowledged that other action at this 
time would be improper. The Pastor ought in 
person, to direct the first and all the steps of 
discipline. 



147 



XX 



CANDIDATES FOR THE MINISTRY 

Soon after our Pastor's return from his vacation, 
the Session met, and the records of the two meet- 
ings held in his absence were read. They contained 
only routine business which could not well be de- 
layed until his return. They met with his full ap- 
proval. He asked many questions about the 
Sabbath school and the different members of the 
church, especially of the sick and the afflicted. He 
informed himself of the condition of the people, 
and inquired on whom we thought he should at 
once call. He had already visited the family of 
the man who, during his absence, had been injured 
on the railroad and had died. We had at the time 
notified him of the fact, and that Rev. Mr. Alex- 
ander would attend the funeral. He at once wrote 
to the family, and called on his return. 

At this meeting two young men presented them- 
selves, asking to be recommended to Presbytery 
as candidates for the ministry. They were com- 
municants of our church, and held in high esteem 
by our Session and people. One of them had lately 
graduated with high honors from college. The 
Session had a full conversation with him in regard 
to his personal religion and his motives for desiring 

148 



CANDIDATES FOR THE MINISTRY 



to enter the ministry. We were well satisfied and 
agreed to recommend him. He also desired us to 
approve his application to the Board of Education 
for aid during his Seminary course. He stated his 
pecuniary means, and we inquired the lowxst amount 
really needed to enable him to go through the 
yearly sessions without interference with his study 
and his health. He replied that he would require 
the full amount of the usual appropriation granted 
by the Board. If at any time he found he could get 
on with less, he would give us notice. He was in- 
formed that the recommendations of the Session 
and of the Presbytery were only for one year, and 
may be renewed annually if needed. The Clerk was 
requested to report our action to the Presbytery's 
Committee on Education, and the young man was 
notified to be present at the next meeting of Pres- 
bytery, and there to appear before the said com- 
mittee, and on its approval to be received under care 
of Presbytery, as a candidate, after an examination 
on person-al religion and his motives for desiring to 
enter the gospel ministry. 

The other young man had not been at college, 
nor was he at present prepared to enter. So far his 
widowed mother had supported him, but his ex- 
penses increased as he advanced, and his sisters 
needed all that could be spared for their support 
and education. He was therefore anxious to receive 
an appropriation from the Board. He was the 
more carefully examined because he was at an early 
stage in his preparation, and he was informed that 
should he receive this aid. and afterward be turned 

149 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



aside from the ministry, he would be expected to 
refund the money, as it had been contributed for a 
certain purpose, assisting men into the ministry, 
and could be appropriated to no other. He prom- 
ised to do so. The appropriations of the Board 
are not to be regarded as loans to be refunded by 
those who comply with the rules and regularly enter 
the ministry, but as cheerful contributions to facili- 
tate and expedite their preparation for it.'' The 
sums of money appropriated by the Board shall be 
refunded to it with interest, in case a student fail 
to enter on, or continue in the work of, the ministry, 
unless he can make it appear that he is providen- 
tially prevented; if he cease to adhere to the Stand- 
ards of the Presbyterian Church; if he change his 
place of study contrary to the directions of his 
Presbytery; or continue to prosecute his studies at 
an institution not approved by it or the Board; or 
withdraw his connection from the church, of which 
this Board is the organ, without furnishing a satis- 
factory reason." We approved of the school he was 
attending, and told him also to appear before the 
Presbytery's Committee on Education. Our recom- 
mendation of him will be sent by the Clerk, with 
a statement of the circumstances of the case. The 
Pastor informed him and the Session that the Board 
of Education did not ordinarily grant such applica- 
tions. Indeed, they seldom departed from their 
rule, not to assist students until they were prepared 
to enter college, except the sons of Ministers and 
those for whom special contributions are sent to the 
Board. This young man was the son of a Mission- 

150 



CANDIDATES FOR THE MINISTRY 



ary, who had died a few years ago in Siam, and 
therefore probably would be accepted. 

These two candidates were reminded, that they 
will continue under the care and jurisdiction of the 
Session until they are ordained as Ministers. They 
will be subject to the Presbytery as to their studies 
and their trials for licensure and ordination. Their 
appropriations from the Board wiU depend upon 
their behavior and success in study, as reported by 
their professors and the Session; and no payment 
will be made, until they are certified to be actually 
present at the place of study. They should report 
to the Session and to the Presbytery at least once 
a year. The Pastor also recommended them, when 
at home, to attend, as often as possible, the meetings 
of Session, and during their Seminary course to be 
present at the meetings of Presbytery and the higher 
judicatories whenever they can have the opportu- 
nity of doing so. It is very important that they 
should accompany their Elders when convenient in 
their visitations, and under their supervision be in- 
troduced to the various departments of official work. 
This practical familiarity with the business and 
methods of church courts, and with the oversight of 
individuals and the congregation, will prove a very 
important part of their preparation for the ministry. 
The Elders, in whose district candidates belonged, 
were requested to maintain a constant correspond- 
ence with them, especially as to their christian 
character and the development of the graces 
which are necessary to their efficiency in the 
ministry, and to encourage them in church and 

151 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



Sabbath school work without interfering with their 
studies. 

An Elder reported that one of the communicants 
was about to enter the second, or middle, year of his 
Seminary course, and had not placed himself under 
the care of the Presbytery as a candidate. He had 
said, that it was not necessary, as he did not need as- 
sistance from the Board. He was thinking of taking 
this middle year in the Congregational Seminary 
at New Haven, and it might be more convenient 
to be taken under the care of a Presbytery, which 
may be nearer the Seminary in which he may spend 
his senior year. The Elder was requested to in- 
form him, that all this was out of order. The Pres- 
bytery should have the oversight of the studies of 
its candidates. The General Assembly has several 
times directed that candidates, whether receiving 
aid or not from the Board of Education, should be 
required to put themselves tmder care of Presbytery 
as soon as possible, that they may receive proper 
supervision during their entire course. They should 
consult their Presbyteries before changing their 
church or school relations. Every candidate for 
licensure shall be taken on trial by that Presbytery 
to which he most naturally belongs, and he shall be 
considered as most naturally belonging to that 
Presbytery within the bounds of which he has ordi- 
narily resided.'' If at any time it be found desirable 
to be transferred to another Presbytery, this can be 
done by applying for such transfer, and the certifi- 
cate will state what parts of trial have been assigned, 
and what he has passed with approval. The Assem- 

152 



CANDIDATES FOR THE MINISTRY 



bly has frequently enjoined upon the Presbyteries 
to see that their candidates for the ministry prose- 
cute their studies only at such Theological Semi- 
naries ... as are thus approved and recognized 
by the Presbyterian Church as sound in faith and 
attached to our ecclesiastical order and forms of 
worship as laid down in the accredited Standards of 
our church." This was reiterated in 1895. The can- 
didate was therefore directed to give up the idea of 
going to Xew Haven, and that he should present 
himself to the Presbytery at the next meeting. The 
Elder was also requested to notify him, that the Ses- 
sion had been credibly informed that he had on sev- 
eral occasions preached in pulpits and pronounced 
the benediction, he not being licensed nor even 
recognized as a candidate by the church; that this 
is disorderly and should not be repeated. Were 
he under the care of the Presbytery, that judicatory 
would have called him to account for such an 
offence. 

There were two others who wished to be received 
as candidates. One was about thirty-five years 
old. He had received a pretty good English educa- 
tion and had read several theological works of our 
best divines. For some time he has had an increas- 
ing desire to preach the gospel. He was nearly 
prepared to enter college, except in the languages, 
but felt that he was too old to spend seven more 
years in preparation. We agreed with him, and 
were convinced that he could be very useful in the 
ministry. The Session therefore recommended him 
to appear before the Presbytery's Committee on 

153 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



Education, with our endorsement, and apply to be 
received as a candidate and be permitted to take 
the English course in the Seminary. 

The other was about the same age, and had a 
wife and two children. He also felt an earnest 
desire to preach. Under the direction of the Session 
he had been very useful in establishing Sabbath 
schools and holding prayer meetings in destitute 
places. After a long conversation he was advised 
to be licensed as a Local Evangelist, and the Session 
resolved to request the Presbytery to appoint him 
to labor in and near the bounds of our congregation, 
as we have need of such a laborer and he will thus 
be near his family. He inquired, What is a Local 
Evangelist? " The Pastor replied, that in 1893, this 
Constitutional Rule was adopted: It shall be law- 
ful for Presbytery, after proper examination as to 
his piety, knowledge of Scripture, and ability to 
teach, to license, as a Local Evangelist, any male 
member of the church, who, in the judgment of the 
Presbytery, is qualified to preach the gospel publicly, 
and who is willing to engage in such service under 
the direction of Presbytery. Such license shall be 
valid for one year, unless renewed; and such li- 
censed Evangelist shall report to the Presbytery at 
least once a year, and his license may be withdrawn 
at any time at the pleasure of Presbytery.'' The 
Local Evangelist is not a Minister, with power to 
administer the Sacraments, etc. The rule, however, 
provides how^ he may, after a term of service and 
due examinations, be ordained to the ministry. He 
w^as invited to cs^U at the manse, and have a full 

154 



CANDIDATES FOR THE MINISTRY 



conversation with the Pastor in regard to this work, 
and his preparation for it. 

The Pastor informed us, that he had received a 
letter from a member of our church, stating he was 
in the Theological Seminary, and would apply to be 
taken under the care of Presbytery at the next 
meeting. He wishes the Session to recommend 
him for aid from the Board of Education, as he is 
in great need of assistance. Our Pastor had re- 
plied that he w^ould lay his letter before us, but it 
was very doubtful whether the appropriation could 
be granted, as he had not been a member a full 
year of the Presbyterian Church. The Assembly 
has directed that no candidate shall be received 
by the Board, w^ho has not been a member of the 
Presbyterian Church, or of some closely related 
body, for at least one year.'' The Board is bound 
to carry out these directions of the Assembly. The 
Session decided to send a recommendation of him 
to the Presbytery, and to urge that during the eight 
months since he left the Episcopal Church, and had 
been a member of ours, we had watched his chris- 
tian life with much satisfaction. He has been very 
diligent in the Sabbath school and other church 
work, and has given good evidence of future use- 
fulness in the ministry. 

One of the Elders said that he had been credibly 
informed, that one of our candidates, who had just 
entered the freshman class at college, was making 
close friendships with irreligious and wild students. 
He, realizing his danger, thought it to be his 
duty to make further inquiries, and the result in- 

155 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



creased his anxiety. The report from the profes- 
sors was very unfavorable. The Pastor asked if the 
candidate was under the care of the Board, for if he 
were we could not renew his recommendation until 
we had further ascertained the truth of these reports. 
The Elder replied that he was not, and part of his 
temptation lay in the fact that his mother gave him 
too large an allowance. He was requested to seek 
more definite information by correspondence, and 
if necessary by a visit to the college, and by personal 
interviews with him, the professors, some of his 
christian classmates, and with his mother, and to 
do what may seem wise to reclaim him from his 
present temptations. If need be, he should be 
warned, that if he continues this intimacy, his repu- 
tation and character will be seriously affected, and 
the Session will have to take further action. 

The roll of our candidates and licentiates was then 
called, and the several Elders to whose districts 
these belonged, reported concerning the christian 
character of each, and his progress in preparation 
and prospect of usefulness. Those under the care 
of the Board of Education, were re-recommended, 
if their reports from their professors were favorable. 
Others were to be informed by the Clerk why we 
were unable to renew their applications. 

The Pastor said that he had heard a report, that 
in one of our Theological Seminaries, the students 
were known at times to attend the theatre, on the 
plea that they desired to hear noted actors, and thus 
improve their own oratory. This had scandalized 
many who were large contributors to the Seminary 

156 



CANDIDATES FOR THE MINISTRY 



and to the Board. This caused us much surprise 
and sorrow. It was resolved, that the several 
Elders, having- candidates under their special care, 
be requested to make strict inquiries, whether any 
of them have been guilty of this offence, and that 
all our candidates be informed that the theatre is 
not the proper school for theological students. The 
style and manner of actors are not fit models for 
pulpit eloquence,, and the associations and compan- 
ionships connected with the theatre are injurious to 
christian character. 

They were requested to inquire also if any of our 
candidates are in the habit of using tobacco. We 
do not condemn its use as a sin. The over-indul- 
gence in any thing, however good, is sinful. The 
participation of that which may in itself be right and 
profitable, becomes tmlawful when it proves a temp- 
tation or an oft'ence to others, or interferes with 
christian influence. Church officers are to be ex- 
amples to the flock in self-denial, as well as in other 
graces, and they should see that *' their ministry is 
not blamed." Xone can be too careful of his repu- 
tation and conduct. The Pastor said, that he knew 
of several ^Ministers and Elders, who were beloved 
by those under their care, but whose presence was 
unwelcome and even injurious to the sick and the 
afflicted. He was himself convinced that the use of 
tobacco in any form was hurtful to the human sys- 
tem. He often heard physicians say of their 
patients who were very ill, that they would in all 
probability recover,, had they not been in the habit 
of using tobacco or cigarettes. It is, however, very 

157 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



certain that the supporters of the Board of Educa- 
tion did not contribute their money to enable candi- 
dates to indulge in this, not clean nor useful, habit. 
Church funds ought never to be used for self-grati- 
fication. The Board of Education asks concerning 
each candidate, before granting an appropriation, 
Is he free from expensive and injurious liabits? " 
Our senior Elder said, that every time he had 
been at Presbytery he had been struck with the fact, 
that the younger and some of our older Ministers, 
were strangely deficient in practical knowledge of 
Presbyterian polity, and in the methods of church 
work. He asked whether it were not possible, in 
our Theological Seminaries, that instruction might 
not be made more practical. As a business man, he 
had been surprised that so much valuable time of 
the Presbytery was taken up in correcting mistakes 
and in instructing Ministers. The Pastor replied 
that this was very important, and had often caused 
him much concern. He himself had felt the need 
when placed over his first charge. He had been 
well instructed in the theory of church govern- 
ment in the Seminary, and had passed an excellent 
examination for graduation and before Presbytery, 
but he had never been present at a meeting of Ses- 
sion, since he was received in childhood on profes- 
sion of faith, and was absolutely ignorant of the 
practical working of our system. He was much 
embarrassed when he found himself, for the first 
time, presiding over the Session, and experienced 
Elders were looking to him for direction. A case 
of discipline was at that meeting presented, which 

158 



CANDIDATES FOR THE MINISTRY 



had perplexed the Elders and had been twice post- 
poned that their new ^Minister might guide them to 
the proper solution. x\fter considerable discussion 
it was unanimously resolved, to ask the Presbytery 
to send an overture to the General Assembly, pro- 
posing, that the students of our Theological Semi- 
naries be, by the Presbyteries, placed under the 
care of experienced Pastors during their summer 
vacations, to act as their assistants, to attend meet- 
ings of Session, to engage in pastoral visitations 
with them and the Elders, to labor in Sabbath 
school, in church and evangelistic work, and pre- 
pare addresses, lectures, and sermons, and to deliver 
them in their presence before different audiences. 
The practical experience thus obtained would prove 
of great value in their after ministries, and be ample 
compensation for the time and labor bestowed. It 
is true, that they now depend upon these summer 
vacations to earn money, by which they are to be 
in a measure supported during the following term. 
But no congregation ought to be willing to receive 
the benefit of this additional pastoral service, with- 
out giving the student a suitable remuneration. 
Such arrangements should be made. Our Pastor 
and delegate were requested to urge the Presbytery 
at the next meeting to endorse and forward this 
overture to the General Assembly. 

Our Pastor said he had just received a letter from. 
the Corresponding Secretary of the Board of Edu- 
cation, calling attention to the fact, that the General 
Assembly of 1895 had directed the Board to draw 
up a plan by which, as nearly as possible, all grad- 

159 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



tiates of our Theological Seminaries shall be sent 
to serve at least one year under the supervision of 
their Presbyteries in some mission field. To secure 
the successful inauguration of such a plan, the 
hearty cooperation of the Presbyteries and Semi- 
naries will be essential; and the Board has been di- 
rected to correspond with these bodies for this pur- 
pose. It is felt that when the student has had 
the privileges of our excellent institutions, endowed 
at the expense of hundreds of thousands of dollars, 
at his disposal, and if he needs pecuniary assistance, 
the aid of scholarships, and appropriations from the 
Board, he ought to look upon it as a duty and a 
privilege to put himself under the direct orders of 
the church which educated him, for a period of at 
least one year, for service in fields to which older 
men cannot so readily be sent. The advantages 
would be great to the student himself, and to the 
Presbyteries in their oversight of the churches and 
of mission fields. 

This letter was recognized to be of real impor- 
tance, and greatly interested us. We shall eagerly 
look for the plan and for its reception by the Gen- 
eral Assembly and the Presbyteries. 



1 60 



XXI 



DELEGATES TO PRESBYTERY 

The regular Fall meeting of the Presbytery was 
soon to be held, and the Session met to prepare for 
it. The Pastor, by virtue of his office as Minister, 
is a member, but each church must send a Ruling 
Elder as delegate. The Moderator informed us, 
that if our church had more than one Pastor, the 
Session could send Elders equal in number to the 
Pastors. But if two or more churches were under 
one Pastor, they could send only one Elder, w^ho 
should be chosen by the several churches in turn. 
A vacant church, that is, one which is without a 
Pastor, is nevertheless entitled to be represented 
by an Elder. These delegates should be appointed 
to attend each and every meeting of Presbytery, the 
regular, adjourned, and " pro re nata meetings. 
The extra meetings are often very important, and 
the people have a right to a voice in every act. Up 
to this time, our church has not been regularly 
represented. An Elder had been appointed when- 
ever one felt inclined to go, or something of special 
interest was to be considered. Our Pastor im- 
pressed upon us the duty of the Elders in turn 
attending the meetings of Presbytery, and of the 
Session in requiring of them reports concerning 

i6i 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



their attendance and diligence. It was resolved, 
that hereafter delegates be regularly appointed. 
There are several methods by which this may be 
done. In many Sessions any Elder willing to go, 
is appointed. In this way, while the Session is 
represented, only one or two of the Elders have all 
the advantages, for the rest seldom, if ever, are 
appointed. This is a great evil. Another plan is 
to appoint the Elder who is best qualified to attend 
to the business which is expected to come before 
that special meeting. As this secures the best 
representation of Session in emergencies, it is well 
at such times to adopt it, but not as a general rule. 
For all the Elders should be developed by the 
exercise of their powers in all church business. In 
ordinary circumstances, the Elders in regular suc« 
cession should be appointed, and none should be 
excused, except for serious reasons. It is some- 
times found desirable to appoint a delegate to attend 
all meetings of Presbytery which may be held 
during the next six months. In large Sessions a 
different delegate should be chosen for each meet- 
ing, that the turns of each may come more fre- 
quently. We determined to adopt this last method, 
and that the order should be determined by the 
date of ordination. In every case alternates are to 
be appointed to go in the place of the delegate, 
in case he is providentially detained, and that these 
be chosen in order from the bottom of the roll. Our 
senior Elder, Dr. Perkins, was appointed to attend 
the next meeting of Presbytery, and I as his alter- 
nate, for my name was the last on the list. 

162 



DELEGATES TO PRESBYTERY 



We were reminded that the delegate should be 
present at the opening of the meeting of Presbytery, 
and attend all its sessions until the close. He 
must be prepared to report his diligence to the 
Session on his return. The Pastor suggested that 
it would be profitable to ask the delegate, soon after 
the meeting, to make an address to the congrega- 
tion, giving an account of the business transacted, 
and especially the information contained in the 
reports of the committees on the several Boards. 
He adopted this plan in his former charge, to the 
increasing interest and edification of the people and 
the increase of the collections. 

The prosecuting committee was notified to appear 
at Presbytery on the second day, to defend the 
action of the Session against the appeal of Mr. 
Jones. All the papers connected with the case were 
to be placed in the care of the delegate, who must 
see that they are safely returned to the Clerk. 

The delegate must watch after the comfort and 
interests of our candidates, and pay special atten- 
tion to whatever may concern our own congrega- 
tion. 

One of the Elders had been previously appointed 
to prepare a report on the state of reHgion in our 
congregation. He had used the blanks prepared 
under the direction of the General Assembly for the 
narratives of the state of religion. This he now 
read, and after a few changes, it was adopted, and 
ordered to be sent to the Chairman of the Presby- 
tery's Committee on the Narrative, a week before 
the Presbytery meets. The object of this is to en- 

163 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



able that Committee to prepare its Narrative to be 
sent to Synod, after it has been adopted by the Pres- 
bytery. At the Spring meeting a similar report 
must be sent, that a Narrative may be forwarded to 
the Assembly. At that time also the Clerk and 
Treasurer must submit to the Session the statistical 
report of the church which is to be sent to the 
General Assembly. The Records of Session must 
at that time be taken for examination and approval 
by Presbytery. 

At the conference held with the Trustees, it was 
agreed that the travelling expenses of the Pastor 
and the delegate to Presbytery shall be hereafter 
paid by the Trustees. The Session resolved that 
the expenses of the prosecution committee shall be 
paid out of the Sessional fund. 



164 



XXII 



ELDER AT PRESBYTERY 

To my surprise and dismay, the Pastor informed 
me that Elder Perkins, who was a physician, had a 
serious case of sickness on hand, which he could not 
leave, and it was my duty to go on Tuesday as dele- 
gate to Presbytery. In vain I pleaded inexperience 
and the impropriety of our Session being repre- 
sented at this important meeting by one, who had 
never been at Presbytery. He simply said it was my 
duty to go. As we were parting he added, We 
will go together, and in any perplexity, you can 
apply to me for information, but remember that you 
must form your own judgments, and vote in every 
case on your own responsibility.'' The reports, 
records, and other papers were committed to my 
charge. 

The meeting of Presbytery interested me greatly, 
and increased my appreciation of the dignity and 
importance of my office. Association with Min- 
isters and Elders from other churches enlarged my 
ideas. The reports from the congregations and the 
Boards revealed how much was being done by 
others, and their methods of work made me realize 
that our Elders and communicants should be more 
systematic and zealous. I wished that all the mem- 
bers of Session could have been present. The trou- 

165 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



ble which we had with Mr. Jones seemed very trivial, 
as we considered the various important questions, 
which demanded our careful attention, and the very 
serious troubles reported from other churches. It 
seemed that our case would be regarded as too in- 
.significant to be taken up. However, it did receive 
due attention. Mr. Jones and his counsel were pres- 
ent, and placed the appeal on the table of the Stated 
Clerk, who reported it, and suggested that it be 
handed to the Committee on Bills and Overtures, 
which later recommended it to be given to the 
Judicial Committee. This received also other ap- 
peals and complaints, some of which were soon dis- 
posed of, as being out of order, or withdrawn at the 
parties' request, after receiving advice from mem- 
bers of Presbytery, or because the appellant, or 
complainant, failed to appear in person or by coun- 
sel. Others were reported to be in order, and ready 
for trial. When our case was so reported, I was 
somewhat excited and mystified when it was re- 
commended to be tried by Commission. I got a 
seat by our Pastor, and asked an explanation. He 
told me that a committee had no power. It was 
appointed to obtain information and prepare busi- 
ness for the judicatory. A Commission, however, 
had the full power of the judicatory in the case sub- 
mitted to it. Its decision was the judgment of the 
judicatory. Formerly many of the acts of Presby- 
tery were done by Commissions, when the bounds 
were very extended and the means of transportation 
were slow and expensive. At present, Commissions 
are seldom appointed, except to take testimony, to 

1 66 



ELDER AT PRESBYTERY 



visit churches and settle their difficulties, and those 
called Judicial Commissions. He pointed to the 
thirteenth chapter of the Book of Discipline. I felt 
ashamed that I, a delegate in Presbytery, knew so 
little of the Standards of the church. 

" ii8. The General Assembly, each Synod, and 
each Presbytery under its care, shall have power to 
appoint Judicial Commissions from their respective 
bodies, consisting of Ministers and Elders, in num- 
ber not less than eighteen (i8) from the General 
Assembly, not less than twelve (12) from any 
Synod, and not less than seven (7) from any Pres- 
bytery. 

119. All judicial cases may be submitted to 
such Commissions, and their decisions shall be sub- 
ject to reversal only by the superior judicatory or 
judicatories, except in matters of law, which shall 
be referred to the appointing judicatory for adjudi- 
cation; and also all matters of constitution and doc- 
trine may be reviewed by the appointing body, and 
by the superior judicatory or judicatories. 

120. Such Commissions shall sit at the same 
time and place as the body appointing them, and 
their findings shall be entered upon the minutes of 
the appointing body; provided, however, that a 
Commission appointed by Presbytery may also sit 
during the intervals between the meetings of the 
appointing Presbytery. The quorum of any such 
Commission shall not be less in number than three- 
fourths of the members appointed, and shall be the 
same in all other respects as the quorum of the 
appointing judicatory." 

167 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



Until lately, the Pastor informed me, judicial 
cases were often referred, with consent of parties^ to 
Commissions, but if either party objected, the case 
was heard by the full judicatory. Now the judica- 
tory determines whether it shall be tried by the 
body, or by a Commission. Much time is thus 
saved, and a more satisfactory decision can be ar- 
rived at by a few persons carefully selected, than by 
the full judicatories, since they have grown so large. 

The appeal of Mr. Jones was heard at length by 
the Commission. After the parties had presented 
their pleas, the appellant opening and closing," 
our Pastor and I were called in and opportunity 
was given to us, as the members of the judicatory 
appealed from to be heard." We each said a few 
words, and answered some questions. The original 
parties and we retired. Soon after the Commission 
reported that the appeal was not sustained, and the 
decision of the Session was confirmed. Mr. Jones 
then gave notice of an appeal to Synod. 

I was appointed on three committees, and learned 
much of the application of our Presbyterian govern- 
ment, and the methods and extent of the benevolent 
operations of our church. I noticed that Elders 
were appointed on every committee, and their 
opinions and votes were respected as much as those 
of the Ministers. There were not as many Elders 
present as was required, for some, of the Sessions 
were not represented. The Presbytery has the 
right to reprove the Sessions, and these should cen- 
sure the delegates for this neglect, if the excuse be 
not satisfactory.. The speeches were usually made 

1 68 



ELDER AT PRESBYTERY 



by the ■Ministers, but the Elders were always en- 
couraged to speak, and were listened to with re- 
spect. They took a more prominent part in all 
questions of finance and business. They were also 
in the majority in the Committee on Disabled Alin- 
isters and the Widows and Orphans of Deceased 
Ministers. During one of the recesses of Presby- 
tery the Elders held an interesting meeting, for the 
purpose of becoming better acquainted with each 
other, and to discuss the nature of our office, and 
especially how we may become more efficient in 
sustaining the Pastors and helping them in their 
work. 

The first half hour of the morning sessions was 
always devoted to a prayer meeting. This I found 
very helpful as a preparation for the responsibilities 
of the day. I was sorry that so many were unable 
to attend. ^Meetings of committees, the preparation 
of reports, etc., detained a number. Others whose 
churches were in the neighborhood returned to 
their own homes for the night, others were lodged 
at a distance, and did not get back in time. 
Some did not seem to appreciate the privilege and 
duty. I was greatly edified by the ^loderator's 
opening sermon, but many of the delegates did not 
arrive vmtil the next morning. This seemed to be a 
serious neglect of duty, a great loss to them per- 
sonally, and a bad influence on the congregation 
which was entertaining us. My Pastor agreed 
with me in this, but said we must not judge others 
unfavorably. There are often in church w^ork 
emergencies which others cannot understand, that 

169 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



detain delegates who desire to be present. When 
a Minister or an Elder is systematically absent at 
the devotional services of a judicatory, we must feel 
that there is some lack of spirituality. 

Our Synod is a delegated body. At first all the 
Synods were larger Presbyteries, being composed 
of the Ministers and delegates from the churches, 
within a district including at least three Presby- 
teries. But many Synods are now so large, that 
it would be difficult to entertain all the members, or 
to obtain a building in which they could be accom- 
modated. Therefore, after the reunion, when the 
boundaries of the Synods were made, as far as 
practicable, conterminous with those of the several 
States, the Form of Government was amended to 
read that " The Synod may be composed, at its own 
option, with the consent of a majority of its Pres- 
byteries, either of all the Bishops and an Elder from 
each congregation in its district, with the same 
modifications as in the Presbytery, or of equal dele- 
gations of Bishops and Elders, elected by the Pres- 
byteries on a basis and in a ratio determined in 
like manner by the Synod itself and its Presby- 
teries." 

One morning, nominations w^ere made for the 
delegates. Ministers and Elders, for the next meet- 
ing of Synod, and the list was posted near the door 
of the church, that all might make out their ballots, 
which were collected in the afternoon. As I did 
not know the persons nominated, I consulted my 
Pastor as to my ballot. He was one of those elected. 

Our prosecuting committee will also be present to 
170 



ELDER AT PRESBYTERY 



defend the Session against Mr. Jones' appeal. They 
will be sent by our Session, and will have no stand- 
ing in Synod except as one of the original parties 
in that judicial case. The delegates of our Pres- 
bytery at Synod will have an opportunity to be 
heard in the trial of the appeal. 

The position, privileges, and duties of Elders in 
Synod are similar to those in the Presbytery, except 
that in the delegated Synods they are the represen- 
tatives of Presbyteries, rather than of the particular 
churches. Sometimes they receive instructions as 
to how they are to vote on certain questions, but 
this seems to be inconsistent with their character 
as Elders and as delegates. It is right that they 
should be elected because of their known agreement 
with the views of the Presbytery on the subjects 
which are to come before the higher judicatory. 
But they ought to be free in voting, influenced by 
the information obtained in the Synod, where the 
matter is carefully considered in all its bearings and 
removed from local prejudices. 

Popular meetings were held every evening during 
the session of Presbytery, and were of great interest. 
At one the relation of Elders to their Pastors was 
considered. The addresses were made by two Min- 
isters and two Elders. Loyalty, mutual confidence, 
and cooperation in church worship and work w^ere 
insisted on. One evening a student was licensed to 
preach, and two Licentiates were ordained as Evan- 
gelists, one for the home and the other for foreign 
service. They had been examined by committees 
composed of Ministers, in open Presbytery, except 

171 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



in the languages, which was done in private and a 
report made to the court. Their sermons and lec- 
tures were in part dehvered before all. We Elders 
were at liberty to ask questions during the examina- 
tion, and were called upon to vote on sustaining the 
parts of trial, and on their being licensed and or- 
dained. But we took no part in the act of ordina- 
tion, which is a prerogative of Ministers. Our 
responsibility is great, and has often been exercised 
in keeping unworthy men out of the ministry. 

Another Licentiate was present, and a call from 
one of our churches was found in order. He asked 
that he might be examined and ordained at this 
meeting of Presbytery, but the Elders of the church 
urged that it would be more for the edification of 
their church if the examination, as well as the 
ordination and installation could be held before 
their own congregation, at an adjourned meeting of 
the Presbytery. It was so ordered. This meeting 
is to be held on Thursday of next week, and I, as 
delegate, must be present then also. 

At my suggestion our Pastor invited the Pres- 
bytery to hold its next Spring stated meeting in 
our church. And we, with the rest of the Session, 
were appointed the committee of arrangements. 

At the next meeting of our Session, I was called 
on to report my attendance and diligence at the 
Presbytery, which was approved, except that, for 
my own convenience, I had left the Presbytery 
about two hours before its adjournment. The Pas- 
tor added some important details of the proceedings, 
but gave no report, as he was not accountable to us, 

172 



ELDER AT PRESBYTERY 



but to the Presbytery. I stated, that it would be 
very inconvenient for me to attend the adjourned 
meeting, and asked to be reHeved. The Moderator 
said that it had been decided, that it was in order 
to appoint another delegate to such a meeting, when 
the business, as in this case, was not a continuation 
of that which had been considered in the former 
meeting. Elder Perkins was then appointed. 



173 



XXIII 



THE SYNOD 

The Pastor was pleased that I took so much inter- 
est in the Presbytery, and invited me to go with him 
to the meeting of Synod. He also desired to have 
me present to watch the progress of the appeal of 
Mr. Jones, as he had several matters of importance 
to attend to. I went at my own expense, and was 
glad to do so. I found good accommodations at the 
hotel, but the Committee of Entertainment heard 
of my presence, and insisted on sending me to a 
family whose guest had disappointed them. My 
visit proved pleasant and profitable. 

This larger gathering of Ministers and Elders 
charged with more extended interests, necessitated 
more formality in conducting the business. The 
impression made upon me by this great assembly, 
representing over 200,000 communicants, enlarged 
my idea of the size and unity of our Presbyterian 
Church. The members were evidently conscious 
of their responsibility, and manifested a desire for 
hearty cooperation. It was delightful to notice 
the joyful greetings of Ministers and Elders from 
dififerent parts of the State, and the eagerness with 
which they inquired about their several churches. 
This impression was increased, when I was in- 

174 



THE SYNOD 



formed that, while this Pennsylvania Synod is the 
largest, there are thirty-one of these judicatories, 
which embrace 7,573 churches, 6,942 I\Iinisters, 27,- 
025 Elders, and 943,716 communicants. There are 
miany other branches of the Presbyterian Church in 
these United States, which are in such agreement 
that there seems no good reason for delaying an 
organic union, which would give us a church of 
over 14.000 ^Ministers, and iS.ooo churches. A plan 
for the federation of these bodies is now under 
consideration. 

The Synod was to have met at Harrisburg, but 
owing to the convening of a large political mass 
meeting in that city at this time, it was thought 
desirable to change the place of meeting to Phila- 
delphia. This could have been done, had the need 
been known in time, by the General Assembly on 
petition from a Presbytery. Or the ^Moderator 
might have called a ''pro re nata " meeting of the 
Synod, to order the change : this plan is, however, 
of doubtful propriety, as no provision is distinctly 
made in the Form of Government for the calling of 
such a meeting, and the General Assembly in 1874 
disapproved of the act of the Synod of ^Michigan 
in holding a " pro re nata *! meeting. Or the ^lod- 
erator might assume the responsibility of giving due 
notice to all the Presbyteries that the meeting would 
be held at Philadelphia, and when the Synod met 
his action could have been approved, and the Gen- 
eral Assembly petitioned to legalize and confirm 
the meeting. The plan, however, adopted was, the 
Presbyteries were all notified by the ^loderator, in 

175 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



good time, that for the above given reason a quo- 
rum would meet in Harrisburg, at the time ap- 
pointed, and immediately adjourn to meet an hour 
later in the First Church, Philadelphia, where the 
other delegates would begin the service of opening, 
on the reception of a telegram that the proposed 
action had been taken. It is very important that 
the legality of the meeting be unquestioned. For 
the validity of spiritual and temporal decisions is 
involved. 

The opening sermon should have been preached 
by the Moderator of the last meeting, but he was 
sick. He had prepared and sent his sermon, which 
at the request of Synod was read by the Stated 
Clerk, the last Moderator present presiding until a 
new one was elected. The first day was taken up 
by these opening services, the perfecting the roll, 
the election of the Moderator, the appointment of 
two temporary Clerks (in this case one of these was 
an Elder), the administration of the Lord's Supper, 
and a popular meeting in the evening. All these 
were of great interest. The only drawback to full 
enjoyment was the use of so-called unfermented 
wine, which many of the members conscientiously 
believed to be unauthorized. They either absented 
themselves, remaining silent, or did not partake of 
the cup. 

The next morning, after the devotional hour, the 
Moderator announced the committees, which he 
had appointed assisted by the Clerks. I noticed 
that these corresponded with those in the Presby- 
tery, except that they were larger. Elders were 

176 



THE SYNOD 



upon each of them, and as far as possible each Elder 
present was placed on at least one committee. This 
brought responsibility on all, and became the means 
of practical instruction to the Elders. 

The position and duties of the Elders in Synod 
are similar to those in the Presbytery, except that 
greater interests are at stake, and the consideratioft 
of business is further removed from local prejudices. 
The several Boards received special attention, and 
were represented by some of the Secretaries. The 
presentation of these causes was very interesting, 
and greatly enlarged my conception of the extensive 
work undertaken by our church, and the urgency 
of the demands made upon the Boards. One of 
the chief objects of the Synod, is the consideration 
of these benevolent operations, to impart to the 
members a statement of the condition and needs of 
the treasuries, and to devise how the Presbyteries 
may cooperate with the Boards. Much was said of 
" the Sustentation Fund." Our own, as some of 
the other large Synods, has undertaken to relieve 
the Board of Home Missions of the charge of the 
feeble churches within its bounds, that it may be 
free to send more of its income to sustain mission- 
aries in the great West. Our congregations, with- 
out diminishing their contributions to the Board, 
are expected to make special contributions to this 
Sustentation Fund. Several Elders spoke earnestly 
on this subject, when it was said that some of the 
Pastors had hesitated to add this to their list of 
collections. 

The appeal of Mr. Jones against the decision 
177 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



of the Presbytery was, among the appeals and 
complaints, handed to the Stated Clerk. It was 
tried by a Commission. The prosecuting commit- 
tee of our Session was present, as one of the original 
parties. Our Pastor advised the committee to se- 
cure Rev. Dr. Hawes, a member of the Synod, as 
counsel. When the Commission met, it was found 
that Mr. Jones, while retaining Elder Smith, had 
engaged Rev. Dr. Alcorn, of another Presbytery of 
the Synod, as his counsel. The case was examined, 
as before Presbytery, and the appeal was not sus- 
tained. Mr. Jones at once gave notice of appeal to 
the General Assembly, but was informed that the 
case could be carried no further, as it did not in- 
volve the doctrine or constitution of the church. 
The Synod is, therefore, in many cases the court of 
final appeal. And this adds much to the impor- 
tance of its meetings. 

Several overtures from Presbyteries were pre- 
sented. Some of these were, with or without en- 
dorsement, forwarded to the General Assembly. 
Others were concerning local administration, and 
w^ere either acted on, or, when necessary, transmitted 
to the Presbyteries for their approval. One re- 
quested that the bounds of a Presbytery might be 
so changed as to include a congregation whose Ses- 
sion desired to be under its jurisdiction. This 
came from the Session. Action was deferred, be- 
cause the Presbyteries had not been consulted. 
Another was from two adjoining Presbyteries ask- 
ing to be united, as they were small and believed 
that their efficiency would be greatly increased by 

178 



THE SYNOD 



consolidation. They had agreed upon the name to 
be borne by the new body. It was so ordered. 
Another was from a Presbytery complaining that 
another had refused to take action in regard to one 
of their Ministers, who was preaching within its 
bounds and causing dissensions in one of the 
churches. A Commission was appointed to meet 
representatives of both Presbyteries and determine 
what should be done. Another brought a similar 
complaint against a Presbytery belonging to an- 
other Synod over which this judicatory has no 
jurisdiction. It was returned to the Presbytery 
with instructions to follow course described in the 
new sections, 120, 121, 122, of the Book of Dis- 
cipline. 

" Section 120. Any judicatory deeming itself ag- 
grieved by the action of another judicatory of the 
same rank, may present a memorial to the judica- 
tory immediately superior to the judicatory charged 
with the grievance, and to which it is subject, after 
the manner prescribed in the sub-chapter on Com- 
plaints (sections 83-93, Book of Discipline), save 
only that with regard to the limitation of time, 
notice of said memorial shall be lodged with the 
Stated Clerks both of the judicatory charged with 
the of¥ence and of its next superior judicatory, 
within one year from the commission of the said 
alleged grievance," etc., etc. Formerly relief could 
be obtained only by complaint to the General 
Assembly. 

Another important part of the work of Synod is 
duty of Review and Control, which is conducted by 

179 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



the careful examination of the records of the several 
Presbyteries. Committees, composed of Ministers 
and Elders, were appointed on these records, and at 
a set time reported recommending their approval, 
with or without exceptions. I noticed that some of 
these records were sent in printed form. This under 
certain regulations has been allowed since 1884. I 
wish that our Presbytery would adopt the plan. 
It would be a great convenience and means of in- 
struction to the Elders, to receive and preserve these 
printed records. Our Synod's minutes and reports 
are printed and distributed to the Ministers and 
Sessions. 



180 



XXIV 



THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY 

The General Assembly meets every year on the 
third Thursday in ^May at ii a.m. It was my privi- 
lege to be present this year as a visitor. It is the 
highest court of our Church, and " represents in one 
body all the particular churches of this denomina- 
tion.'' It is composed of Commissioners chosen by 
the Presbyteries in the following proportion, viz.: 
each Presbytery consisting of not more than 
twenty-four Ministers shall send one ^Minister and 
one Elder; and each Presbytery consisting of more 
than twenty-four Ministers, shall send one ^Minister 
and one Elder for each twenty-four [Ministers, or for 
each additional fractional number of ^Ministers not 
less than twelve; and these delegates so appointed 
shall be styled Commissioners to the General As- 
sembly." Should more than this number be sent, 
the last on the list will not be received. This gives 
us a very large and expensive body, and many plans 
have been proposed to decrease it But it ought 
to be large, for it represents a vast church, and has 
great responsibilities resting upon it. Its size 
becomes its dignity and is in keeping with its au- 
thority. 

It is the natural outgrowth of our Church in this 
country. " The Presbytery was formed in 1704, 

181 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



of seven Ministers. In twelve years (in 1716), it 
had so increased that it was deemed wise to divide 
it into three Presbyteries, and organize the Synod 
of Philadelphia. In 1788, the Synod was divided 
into four, and the first meeting of the General 
Assembly, constituted out of these four Synods, was 
held on the third Thursday of May, 1789, in the 
Second Presbyterian Church, in Philadelphia, and 
was opened with a sermon by Rev. Dr. John With- 
erspoon. Its legal title is " The General Assembly 
of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of 
America.'' In 1838, there was a disruption into 
two bodies, called the Old and the New School 
Churches, whose Assemblies each claimed to be the 
real successor of the Assembly of 1837. These two 
bodies were reunited in 1869, under the same title. 
In 1 86 1 the Southern Presbyterian Churches were 
organized into a separate Church, whose highest 
judicatory now bears the title of " The General As- 
sembly of the Presbyterian Church in the United 
States.'' Many efiforts have been made to accom- 
plish a union between this body and our own. 

The General Assembly differs from the lower 
judicatories, in that it represents the whole Church; 
is the highest court of appeals; alone can inter- 
pret the laws of the church, or make changes (with 
consent of the Presbyteries) in the Constitution; 
is the bond of union of the churches; the means 
of correspondence with other denominations; super- 
intends the benevolence of the church; provides for 
the increase of the ministry; and is not a permanent 
body — a new Assembly is called each year. Its 

182 



THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY 



business is conducted in the same manner as that of 
the Synod, and the standing and duties of the Elders 
are also the same. 

The opening sermon was preached by the Mod- 
erator of the last Assembly. Had he been absent, 
the last Moderator present, being a Commissioner,'' 
would have preached and presided until a new Mod- 
erator could be elected. Each Commissioner pre- 
sented a commission from his Presbytery to a 
committee which sat before the service, to make 
out the roll. Defective commissions were reported 
to the Assembly for approval or rejection. Several 
Elders and Ministers neglected to present their 
commissions to this committee, and thus lost their 
votes in the election of Moderator. The Secretaries 
of the Boards are recognized as corresponding 
members in discussions bearing upon the interests 
of the Boards which they severally represent." Cor- 
respondence with other denominations is main- 
tained (t) by letters between committees appointed 
by each body; (2) by delegates who are annually 
chosen, and address the highest judicatory of each 
body, and to whom responses a-re made by the 
chief officer; these have no right to deliberate 
or vote; (3) those churches holding the Presby- 
terian system, by the formation in 1875 of The 
Alliance of the Reformed Churches throughout the 
World holding the Presbyterian System." At this 
meeting twenty-two organizations in various parts 
of the world were represented. It now includes 
ninety-one, and represents about 4,800,000 com- 
municants, and 25,000,000 members and adherents. 

183 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



A council of the Alliance is held every four years 
and has a General Secretary who resides in London, 
England. 

In forming the committees for the General As- 
sembly, each commissioner was appointed on at 
least one. These all involve considerable responsi- 
bility, and are of great educational importance. The 
records of the thirty-two Synods were examined 
by committees of seven each. The other Standing 
Committees were large. Several judicial Commis- 
sions, of at least eighteen, were appointed, which 
tried complaints and appeals involving 'Vthe doc- 
trine and Constitution of the church.'' The Com- 
mittee on Polity is one of the most important, as to 
it are referred the overtures from the lower judica- 
tories, in regard to interpretations of the Constitu- 
tion and proposed changes. These are carefully 
considered and replies are reported to theWssembly 
for its action. Changes in the Constitution may be 
effected according to the new chapter of the Form 
of Government enacted in 1891 : 

Chapter XXIII. of Amendments. 

1. Amendments or alterations of the Form of 
Government, Book of Discipline, and Directory for 
Worship may be proposed by the General Assembly 
to the Presbyteries, but shall not be obligatory on 
the Church, unless a majority of all the Presbyteries 
approve thereof in writing. 

2. Amendments or alterations of the Confession 
of Faith, and the Larger and Shorter Catechisms, 
may be proposed to the Presbyteries by the General 
Assembly,i)ut shall not be obligatory on the Church, 

184 



THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY 



unless they shall be approved in writing by two- 
thirds of all the Presbyteries, and agreed to and 
enacted by the General xA^ssembly next ensuing; and 
the written votes of the Presbyteries shall be re- 
turned to that Assembly. 

3. Before any amendments or alterations of the 
Confession of Faith, or the Larger and Shorter 
Catechisms, proposed by the General Assembly, 
shall be transmitted to the Presbyteries, the General 
Assembly shall appoint — to consider the subject — a 
committee of Ministers and Ruling Elders, in num- 
ber of not less than fifteen, of whom not more than 
two shall be from any one Synod, and the commit- 
tee shall report its recommendations to the General 
Assembly next ensuing, for action. 

4. No alterations of the provisions contained in 
this chapter for amending or altering the Confession 
of Faith and the Larger and Shorter Catechisms, or 
of this fourth section, shall be made, unless an over- 
ture from the General Assembly submitting the 
proposed alterations shall be transmitted to all the 
Presbyteries, and be approved in writing by two- 
thirds of their number, and be agreed to and enacted 
by the General Assembly. 

" 5. It shall be obligatory on the General Assem- 
bly to transmit to the Presbyteries, for approval or 
disapproval, any overture respecting amendments or 
alterations provided for in this chapter, which shall 
be submitted to the same Assembly by one-third 
of all the Presbyteries. In such cases the overture 
shall be formulated and transmitted by the General 
Assembly receiving the same to the Presbyteries 

185 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



for their action, subject, as to all subsequent pro- 
ceedings, to the provisions of the foregoing sections. 

" 6. Whenever it shall appear to the General 
Assembly that any proposed amendments or alter- 
ations of the Form of Government, Book of Dis- 
cipline, or Directory for Worship shall receive a 
majority vote of all the Presbyteries, the General 
Assembly shall declare such amendments or alter- 
ations to have been adopted, and the same shall 
immediately go into effect. 

" 7. Nothing in this chapter shall be so construed 
as to affect the right of two-thirds of the Presby- 
teries to propose amendments or alterations of the 
Confession of Faith and the Larger and Shorter 
Catechisms, or of the General Assembly to agree 
to and enact the same." 

The question which perhaps excited the most 
interest in this Assembly was respecting the control 
to be exercised over the Theological Seminaries. 
The power to veto the election of new professors 
does not seem to be sufficient guarantee to the 
Church that these Seminaries shall continue to teach 
sound doctrine. Nor is the withdrawal of the rec- 
ommendation of the General Assembly sufficient to 
prevent our candidates attending disapproved Sem- 
inaries, or the funds, given for sound doctrinal train- 
ing, being diverted to the inculcation of error. The 
charters of these Seminaries, the connection of some 
with Universities, and their various methods of 
supervision present difficulties. But the plan now 
under consideration will probably, after some modi- 
fications, be adopted and prove effective. 

186 



THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY 



The annual reports of the several Boards, the 
instructions given to them, and their popular meet- 
ings form important features of the Assembly's 
session, and were of great value. They attracted 
much attention from the many visitors and the resi- 
dents of the city. The Women's Boards held their 
annual meetings at the same time and in another 
church in the city, and brought together a large 
number of our most active women from all parts of 
the country, and many Missionaries from home and 
foreign fields. 

The expenses of the Assembly are borne by an 
assessment of the Presbyteries of three cents per 
communicant for the Mileage Fund (travelling of 
Commissioners), one and a half cents for the Enter- 
tainment Fund, one and a half for the Contingent 
Fund. The assessment is only a recommendation, 
but it is urged upon all the Presbyteries. Some, 
however, pay the expenses of their own Commis- 
sioners and make what contribution each may see 
fit to the expenses of others. Missionaries have 
their expenses paid from and to their homes in this 
country. 

On my return home, our Pastor arranged a 
meeting in the church, at which one of the Commis- 
sioners of our Presbytery, a foreign Missionary and 
I made addresses concerning the meeting of the 
Assembly, and the business transacted. He said 
that he purposed to have such a meeting after every 
General Assembly. 



187 



XXV 



RESIGNATION OF PASTOR 

We are in great trouble. It is nearly a year since 
the Pastor told us about the visit of the committee 
from a city church. Our people and Session have 
been very harmonious and have developed much 
efficiency. Mr. Jones lost his case in the Synod, 
and was vexed when he discovered that he could 
not carry it any further. " The Synod's decisions 
on appeals, complaints, and references, which do not 
af¥ect the doctrine or Constitution of the Church, 
are final.'' The General Assembly shall receive 
and issue all appeals, complaints, and references that 
affect the doctrine or Constitution of the Church, 
which may be regularly brought before them from 
the inferior judicatories." He still talks unpleas- 
antly, but his influence in the congregation has 
really ceased, and others have taken warning from 
this act of discipline. 

But we had a meeting of Session this evening 
which the Pastor desires to be regarded as confiden- 
tial for the present. He informed us that the same 
church had sent another committee to hear him, 
and after the evening service on Sabbath they had 
a long conversation with him. They had not yet 
secured a Pastor, and the minds of their Session and 
nominating committee have again been turned to- 

i88 



RESIGNATION OF PASTOR 



wards him. They were more than ever anxious that 
he should at least visit them. He once more asked 
each of us, if we knew anything in the congrega- 
tion that might make it desirable for him to resign, 
or that should help him in deciding what may be his 
duty in the case. We replied that we knew no 
reason why he should leave us, and we gave him 
many reasons which seemed to render his remain- 
ing very important. He said that he was surprised 
and sorry that the question had again arisen. He 
had given the committee no encouragement beyond 
the promise to lay the matter before us, and let 
them know in a few days whether he would visit 
them. He thought he could see some indications 
of God's will in the peculiar manner in which this 
proposition was made, and felt that he ought care- 
fully to consider it before rejecting it. He asked 
for our prayers and sympathy. One of the Elders 
inquired whether the financial advantages in- 
fluenced him. He said no, he did not know what 
the salary would be, but all things considered he 
did not think it would be more, considering the ad- 
ditional expenses of living in the city, than what he 
was now receiving. He was in doubt when the 
Session adjourned, but when I called the next day, 
he said that he had written that he would spend a 
Sabbath with them, and leave it with them to decide 
whether he should preach, and if he did, it must be 
as a supply, and not as a candidate. He had en- 
gaged Mr. Alexander to preach for him without 
telling him his object in being absent. 

We have had another meeting of Session. The 
189 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



Pastor, after long consideration, has decided that 
he ought to accept a call, if that church can heartily 
unite on him, and had so informed the committee. 
He had just received a letter stating that, at a con- 
gregational meeting, regularly called and well at- 
tended, a unanimous call had been made for him. 
He wished the matter to be kept quiet until he 
should himself announce his decision next Sabbath. 
He consulted with us as to the steps now to be 
taken, and as to the time when his resignation 
should take effect. A transition state was always 
unfavorable both to Minister and people; and the 
church work, here and in the city, for the winter 
should begin as soon as possible. He had written 
that he was ready to accept the call should the 
Presbytery put it in his hands. 

There are three plans of procedure that are in 
order, i. The commissioners, appointed by the 
city church to prosecute the call, may present it to 
their Presbytery at a stated, or a " pro re nata " 
meeting, and after it has been found in order and 
approved, obtain permission to prosecute it before 
our Presbytery. This could be done either at a 
regular meeting or one called for that purpose. Our 
Presbytery would then send written citations to our 
Pastor and to this church to appear at the next 
meeting and show cause why the call should not 
be placed in his hands. ''This citation shall be read 
from the pulpit of the church, by a member of the 
Presbytery appointed for that purpose, immediately 
after public worship, so that at least two Sabbaths 
shall intervene betwixt the citation and the meeting 

190 



RESIGNATION OF PASTOR 



of the Presbytery at which the cause of translation 
is to be considered/' The Pastor is often appointed 
to read this citation. The Session would have to 
call a meeting of the congregation to appoint com- 
missioners to answer this citation. 

2. This part of the procedure may be consider- 
ably shortened. The Pastor, on being informed 
that the commissioners are to appear at a certain 
time before our Presbytery Avith the call, may ask 
the Session to summon a meeting of the congrega- 
tion to appoint commissioners to attend that ses- 
sion of the Presbytery, and state that they are ready 
to appear in behalf of the congregation, thus obvi- 
ating the delay of citation,, etc. 

3. The process may be still further shortened, by 
the Pastor informing the congregation, at a meeting 
called for that purpose, that he was ready to accept 
the call of which he had been notified, and asking 
the congregation, to unite with him in requesting 
the Presbytery to dissolve the pastoral relation, and 
to appoint the required commissioners. He could 
then without delay be dismissed to the other Pres- 
bytery, and the call could be prosecuted there, with- 
out the commissioners of the city church coming 
to our Presbytery. The pastoral relation could then 
be dissolved, and having received proper testimo- 
nials, he would be required ''to repair to that Pres- 
bytery, within bounds of which the congregation 
calling lies, that proper steps may be taken for his 
regular settlement in that congregation.'' 

We decided to adopt the last of these plans. For 
if the translation is to be accomplished, the interests 

191 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



of both churches demand that there should be as 
Httle delay as possible. It was ordered that notice 
be given for two Sabbaths that a meeting of the 
congregation will be held for this purpose, and it 
shall be distinctly stated, that all communicants in 
good standing and all other persons who contribute 
to the support of the church, have the right and 
duty to be present and vote at said meeting. This 
has been the rule in our congregation. In some 
places the charter and usage restrict the privilege 
of voting to the communicants, as in the Southern 
Presbyterian Church. Our own Assembly has de- 
clared that this is wholly legitimate and might 
profitably become more prevalent." The Form of 
Government says, " No person shall be entitled to 
vote, who refuses to submit to the censures of the 
church, regularly administered, or who does not 
contribute his just proportion, according to his own 
engagements, or the rules of that congregation, to 
all its necessary expenses.'' The officers of that 
meeting are the Moderator and Clerk of Session. 
In this case, as the matter concerns the Pastor, he 
suggested that Rev. Mr. Alexander be appointed 
by the Session to preside. This was done. 

A large number of our people were present at the 
congregational meeting, and after prayer by Mr. 
Alexander, the Session's call of the meeting was 
read, and the Pastor read a brief statement of his 
reasons for making the request and the circum- 
stances which resulted in the call from the city 
church. To this he added a few words concerning 
his delight in his present work, and the regret which 

192 



RESIGNATION OF PASTOR 



he felt in deciding that it was his duty to accept 
this call. He was ready to answer questions should 
any one desire further information. One or two 
were asked and answered, and he retired, that the 
congregation might be the more free in their delib- 
erations. He urged the people, however, to make 
no opposition to his request, as his sense of duty was 
clear. After he retired, there was much discussion. 
Many insisted that we should protest against his 
leaving, but it was finally resolved, that commis- 
sioners be appointed to present to Presbytery reso- 
lutions, which we adopted, consenting with great 
regret to unite with him in the request that the 
pastoral relation be dissolved, and expressing our 
appreciation of his character as a christian and a 
Minister, of his fidelity and efficiency as a Pastor, 
and of our sincere sorrow in parting with him. An 
Elder, a Trustee, and one of the communicants were 
appointed to inform the Pastor of our action, and to 
appear as commissioners before Presbytery. 

As the stated meeting of Presbytery would not be 
held for some time, it was thought best to a-sk the 
Moderator to call a pro re nata " meeting. This 
w^as done by a request signed by the Pastor and 
Rev. Mr. Alexander and two Elders, the Elders 
being of different congregations.'' The Moderator 
of Presbytery sent a circular letter, specifying the 
particular business of the intended meeting, to every 
Minister belonging to the Presbytery and to the 
Session of every vacant congregation, in due time 
previous to the meeting, which shall not be less 
than ten days. And nothing shall be transacted 

193 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



at such Special meeting besides the particular busi- 
ness for which the judicatory has been thus con- 
vened/' 

The Presbytery met in our church, the call for 
the meeting was read and found in order. A Min- 
ister offered a resolution that another candidate be 
received under care of Presbytery and recom- 
mended to the Board of Education. The Moderator 
informed him that he was out of order, as nothing 
could be transacted at that meeting but the items 
of business mentioned in the call. These items 
were: the dissolution of the pastoral relation, and 
the dismissal of our Pastor to the city Presbytery. 
The minutes of the congregational meeting were 
read and the Pastor and our commissioners were 
heard. The request was granted and several Min- 
isters and Elders spoke very feelingly of their high 
estimation of the character and services of our Pas- 
tor, and of their regret in parting from him. Rev. 
Mr. Thomas was appointed to preach in our church 
one week from the next Sabbath and to declare 
the pulpit vacant. At our request. Rev. Mr. Alex- 
ander was appointed Moderator of our Session until 
the next meeting of Presbytery, and we were per- 
mitted to supply the pulpit until then. We were 
reminded of the rule of this Presbytery that every 
other Sabbath the unemployed Ministers of the 
Presbytery shall in turn be invited by the Session to 
preach. They may, or may not, be regarded as 
candidates, as the Session may see fit. The object 
of this rule is to bring our unemployed Minis- 
ters and vacant churches into correspondence which 

194 



RESIGNATION OF PASTOR 



may lead to settlement. Our Presbytery has adopted 
other rules for the guidance of vacant churches, viz. : 
I. No meeting of Session shall be held without the 
appointed Moderator. 2. The Session alone can 
invite Ministers to preach. 3. No one can be Stated 
Supply who is not a member of the Presbytery or 
approved by its committee. 4. The expenses of the 
Moderator in coming to preside shall be paid by the 
Session or congregation. 5. The Session shall 
make careful inquiries concerning every one pro- 
posed as a candidate, before he is permitted to 
preach. 

The dissolution of the pastoral relation is to take 
effect on the first Sabbath of next month, the day 
Mr. Thomas is to declare the pulpit vacant. Our 
Pastor retains his full office until then, and is a 
member of the Presbytery until he is actually re- 
ceived by that to which he has been dismissed. In 
the meetings of Session he has had several confer- 
ences with the Elders in respect to our new and 
heavy responsibilities. He expressed his great 
satisfaction that during his ministry here there had 
been no lack of harmony in the Session or church, 
and he hoped that we would be able to continue in 
perfect peace. But we must now be especially care- 
ful. When a church is without a Pastor, there is 
always a great danger of divisions arising in the 
congregation, which often lead to very serious 
results. He charged us with constant prayer to be 
wise as serpents and harmless as doves. We asked 
him what was the usual cause of church troubles, 
and how these were to be avoided. He was pleased 

195 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



to answer, because the responsibility of maintaining 
the unity and harmony of the church would now 
rest chiefly on us, and none but our senior Elder 
had had experience in this. He said that church 
troubles, as all others, are caused by sin. One sin- 
ner destroyeth much good. There is a great deal 
of unsanctified human nature in communicants and 
church officers, as well as in those in whom the 
good work has not begun. It takes very little of 
this fire to kindle a great matter. Pastors and 
Elders should therefore make a careful study of 
human nature, sin, the devices and forms of temp- 
tations of the devil, and also of the methods of 
the Spirit in eradicating sin and transforming 
character, especially as these are manifested in 
ourselves. The beginnings of sin, and even the 
least appearance of evil are to be avoided. Offi- 
cers should therefore give themselves to careful 
self-examination and constant watchfulness. In the 
Session, especially when without a Pastor, perfect 
frankness and mutual confidence should be care- 
fully maintained. The Elders should take a loving 
oversight of the life and conversation of each other. 
There should be full harmony and loyalty in all con- 
sultations and operations. None should love pre- 
eminence. In regard to the flock, the Elders should 
study carefully the First Epistle of Paul to the Cor- 
inthians, which sets forth the evils and sin of party 
spirit in the church and the duty of officers to re- 
prove and counteract it, and to exercise discipline 
when needed. The choice of a new Pastor often is 
the occasion of the rise of parties in pressing the 

196 



RESIGNATION OF PASTOR 



individual preferences, which often cause divisions 
in the congregation to its spiritual and temporal 
injury. He urged us to retain the confidence of the 
people, to set them an example of loyalty, spiritual 
mindedness and unselfishness. The vacancy should 
continue as short a time as possible consistent with 
making a proper selection of a Pastor. The future 
of the church depends much on the man chosen. 
He should be sound in the faith, efficient and pru- 
dent in church work, and as a preacher attractive, 
both to the older and younger people. He advised 
us to be careful in our presentation of candidates, 
obtaining full information before permitting them 
to appear before the church. It would be advisable 
to have but one candidate at a time, before the con- 
gregation, and when one is elected, the Elders 
should set an example of welcoming him to full 
confidence and cooperation, whatever may be our 
individual preferences for other candidates. 

I asked, ^' Can the church troubles be always 
avoided? " He replied, that as long as sin existed in 
officers and members, they were liable to arise, as 
they did even in the Apostolic churches. But sel- 
dom will they cause serious disturbance while the 
Pastor and Elders are loyal to each other. Should 
an Elder in any way encourage the offenders of the 
peace, he should be earnestly entreated as a brother 
and disciplined if he persists. The Pastor may, 
through age or infirmity or other causes, cease to 
preach to the edification of the people, or in some 
way become unacceptable. The Elders then have 
a delicate duty to perform. They should show an 

197 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



appreciation of his past services, but lovingly and 
faithfully inform him of the feeling of the people. 
Very often this has led to the removal of the diffi- 
culty, by inducing him to make more careful prep- 
aration, or avoiding that which caused dissatisfac- 
tion. If this is not the result, further conference 
would probably induce the Pastor to seek advice of 
his brethren. Often the information is kept from 
the Pastor, until the dissatisfaction is so decided 
that nothing can be done without serious injury to 
both Pastor and people. He told us that some- 
times the unacceptability is shown by diminished 
congregations, but the absentees are sinning against 
God and the church. Sometimes the salary is 
diminished, or the payments are delayed, but this 
is dishonorable, contrary to the vows made at the 
installation, and renders the Trustees liable to a civil 
suit. The conviction that the Pastor would not 
carry the matter to the courts makes the offence 
cowardly. Whisperings and insinuations against 
his ability or character, are sins which ought not to 
be so much as named among christians. Interfer- 
ence with his work or rendering him uncomfortable 
in his position are fightings against Christ. 

A Pastor may suffer grievances, and these are 
often endured in silence. It is the duty of the Elders 
to secure his confidence and to be watchful that he 
at all times receive encouragement in his arduous 
work, that difficulties are removed, and that he has 
whatever is needful for the honor of religion and 
his comfort among them. When grievances do 
exist, he should freely confer with the Session. If 

198 



RESIGNATION OF PASTOR 



they be of such a nature that the Elders cannot 
remove them, the matter should be referred to the 
Presbytery, or he should request that body to re- 
lease him from his pastoral charge. The church 
would then be cited to show cause why this should 
not be granted. 

The next Sabbath the Pastor preached his fare- 
well sermon, reviewing the course of his ministry 
and stating what he had aimed to accomplish. He 
very affectionately urged the people to remember 
what he had preached, and to see to it that no other 
gospel should ever be proclaimed from that pulpit. 
He made a special appeal to those who had heard 
his invitations and warnings in vain. All were 
much affected, and very sorrowfully took leave of 
him. 



199 . 



XXVI 



VACANT CHURCH 

We found our responsibilities greatly increased 
in the absence of our Pastor. Mr. Alexander pre- 
sided at our meetings, and was ever ready to give 
us counsel when asked. He responded to every 
call made upon him for ministerial service; but the 
whole responsibility of the pastoral labor fell on the 
Elders, and we were often in real perplexity, and 
made serious mistakes. One communicant was 
offended at the way an exhortation was given, who 
would have been corrected and made a devoted 
friend had the reproof been given by our Pastor. 
We each realized our individual responsibility, but 
at first we seemed to imagine that each had the 
whole power of Session, and therefore were con- 
stantly interfering with one another. We soon saw 
it to be necessary, and according to law, that noth- 
ing should be done, even by the senior Elder, with- 
out a formal vote of Session, and that committees 
and their chairmen should strictly confine them- 
selves to the powers and instruction given, when 
they were appointed. 

We agreed to take charge in turn of the mid-week 
prayer meetings and other regular services, our 
senior Elder being appointed to remind each of his 
duty in this respect and to find alternates, should 

200 



VACANT CHURCH 



any one fail. Our most serious responsibility was 
the obtaining proper supplies for the pulpit. The 
excellent rules of the Presbytery were of great help. 
The Stated Clerk at once furnished us with a list 
of unemployed Ministers. There were only six of 
these, for it did not contain the names of those, who 
from age or infirmity could not preach acceptably. 
But it mentioned two licentiates who had lately 
finished their theological course. The Rev. Mr. 
Thomas, appointed to declare the pulpit vacant, 
preached the first Sabbath, and we invited one from 
this list to preach on the second, that v/e might have 
time carefully to consider some plan by which to 
select our supplies. 

After consultation and in accordance with the 
advice of our Pastor, we determined to appoint two 
committees, one to be called the committee on sup- 
plies, consisting of three Elders, to take charge of 
the list of Ministers furnished by the Stated Clerk 
of Presbytery, and of those names approved by the 
Session. It shall be their duty to correspond with 
the Ministers and licentiates thus approved, and 
engage them to preach, giving them ample notice 
of their appointments. It was clearly understood 
that those thus invited were not in any case to be 
considered as candidates, and that they should be 
so informed. At a conference with the Trustees 
we determined what should be the compensation 
paid to these supplies, and their Treasurer agreed 
to see that each Minister received a check before he 
should leave town. The other was called the com- 
mittee on nominations. At a conference with the 



20I 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



Trustees, we appointed three Elders and the Trus- 
tees added three from their number and these chose 
three communicants, two of whom were women. 
This joint committee were to receive from the Ses- 
sion the names of all possible candidates, to make 
inquiries concerning them, to visit them in their 
places of labor, and, when satisfied, to recommend 
to the Session the one they judge suitable to be 
our Pastor, that w^e may make arrangements to 
have him heard by the congregation and take what- 
ever other steps might be deemed wise. 

There are other methods of obtaining a Pastor. 
Often no committees are appointed. The Session 
itself, under the supervision of Presbytery, decides 
who shall preach, and all supplies of the pulpit are 
considered as possible candidates. These are heard 
until it appears that the congregation is prepared to 
select one as Pastor, This plan keeps the congre- 
gation on a constant tension, fosters a critical spirit 
which interferes with personal edification and the 
spirituality of the church. It not infrequently 
causes serious divisions in the congregation, by 
strong preferences for two or more of the many 
candidates heard. Another plan is, that the Session 
is very careful in selecting one candidate, who has 
been well recommended. It invites him to preach 
two or more Sabbaths, and, if possible, to remain 
during the week attending all the services and visit- 
ing the people. If he makes a favorable impression, 
the congregational meeting is called, and a final 
decision in his case is made before another is heard. 
This may do very well in some places, and for mis- 

202 



VACANT CHURCH 



sion churches. Its advantage being that both 
parties have the opportunity of becoming well ac- 
quainted before the question of settlement is to be 
decided. The objection is evident, that ^Ministers 
who have been really efficient, would be unwilling 
to assume such a position, without some previous 
assurance that the church was ready to make out a 
call. Licentiates with no record of past services, 
or ^^linisters long unemployed, or compelled for 
some personal reason to settle in that locality, might 
be wilhng to undergo such a test of their qualifica- 
tions. 

Sometimes the Session, wishing to avoid the evils 
of candidating, invite a ^linister to be the Stated 
Supply, on the recommendation of the former Pas- 
tor or other Minister in whom the Elders have con- 
fidence. He serves the church until the people 
manifest a desire to have him settled over them. 
The Ministers available to make such an arrange- 
ment are few, and are usually men not desired by an 
important church. The plan also leads in many 
cases to the perpetuation of the State'd Supply sys- 
tem, which our General Assembly has always dis- 
couraged. 

Pastors have been called on their record, or on 
the recommendation of the former Pastor, without 
their having been heard by the people. But this 
places too much responsibility on the ^Minister rec- 
ommending, and certainly such a call ©ught not 
to be accepted until both the ^Minister and the con- 
gregation have the opportunity of judging of their 
fitness for each other. 

203 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



We believe that the plan which we have adopted 
will prove the best for us in our circumstances. 
Several members of Presbytery and other Ministers 
have written to us recommending Ministers and 
licentiates as candidates, some of these recom- 
mendations were very strong. Some letters were 
from Ministers offering themselves, stating their 
reasons for desiring to leave their present charges, 
enumerating their qualifications and in some cases 
enclosing their photographs. These last the Ses- 
sion dropped into the waste basket. I was not cer- 
tain that in all cases that was wise. We quickly 
disposed of the recommendations of the licentiates, 
because we all felt that our church needed a married 
m.an, and one who had several years' experience in 
the ministry. We were much touched by some of 
the letters from Ministers nominating themselves. 
Some had long labored in mission fields, others 
spoke of insufficient salaries, change necessary for 
the health of wife or children, of lack of educational 
advantages, and others had long contended nobly 
against a perverse Elder or a disaffected minority, 
which was determined to rule or ruin, notwithstand- 
ing all that Session or Presbytery had done for their 
relief. Some of these were handed to the nominat- 
ing committee, together with several of the letters 
from Ministers and friends, for careful investigation. 

I was on this nominating committee, and our 
senior Elder was chairman. At our first meeting 
a clerk was appointed to keep an accurate and de- 
tailed record of our decisions and of each paper 
referred to us by the Session. We selected from 

204 



VACANT CHURCH 



the list four names of Ministers whose recom- 
mendations seemed most favorable. We divided 
ourselves into four committees, each to make 
further inquiries concerning one of these Ministers. 
When the results were not favorable the name was 
dropped, and another was given to that sub-com- 
mittee. When it was deemed advisable two or 
more members were sent to the church in which 
the nominee was preaching, that without his knowl- 
edge, they might judge of his ability and see some- 
thing of his work. If these were pleased, others 
were sent, including one of the lady members. The 
expenses of these visits were paid by the Trustees. 
Sometimes these visitors were empowered to have 
an interview with the Minister, and ascertain 
whether he would be willing to consider a call. If 
unwilling to appear as a candidate, yet consenting 
to examine our condition, and to permit more of 
the congregation to hear him preach, arrangements 
were made for him to supply another pulpit in the 
neighborhood. It was understood that as soon as 
our committee was satisfied that they had found a 
Minister qualified to be our Pastor, and on whom 
the congregation could unite, his name and all the 
facts should be reported to the Session, which would 
then invite him to preach for us as a candidate, and 
if there seemed to be a general desire manifested, 
arrangements could be made for his call. 

While these plans were being carried out, the 
committee on supplies was notified one Saturday 
afternoon, that the Minister who was to preach the 
next day had been taken sick and would not be 

205 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



able to come. They called on Mr. Alexander for 
advice in this emergency. He told them that he 
had just received a visit from an unemployed Min- 
ister, a Mr. Whyley, who was very anxious to get 
an opportunity to preach in our pulpit. He had 
discouraged him, and added that the whole matter 
was in the hands of the Session, and the nominating 
committee. He had consented to mention his name 
as a possible candidate. He recommended the 
committee, in the emergency, to call at the hotel, 
and ask him to supply the pulpit on the Sabbath; 
but he should be distinctly informed, that he would 
not be a candidate, until the nominating committee 
and the Session had invited him. This caused con- 
siderable trouble. He was a popular preacher and 
fascinated many of the younger people. He asked 
to be permitted to preach another Sabbath, and in- 
timated that he could arrange to remain with us 
several weeks. He visited among the people, and 
tried to make friends with every one. We were 
asked by several whether a congregation could not 
meet to make out a call for him. He had inti- 
mated that the nominating committee had accom- 
plished nothing, the Session was interfering with 
the undisputed rights of the people to choose their 
own Pastor, and paid little regard to their prefer- 
ences. Some said we had been too long without a 
Pastor. The Session was much perplexed. Mr. 
Alexander was not satisfied with his manner of 
preaching nor with his conduct in our church, but 
did not know what we could do if the congregation 
demanded their right to elect him. We wrote to 

206 



VACANT CHURCH 



our former Pastor, and in the meantime ordered the 
committee on suppHes'to keep the pulpit filled with 
other and attractive Ministers, and the nominat- 
ing committee to inquire carefully into his record. 
He continued in the place, and exerted an influence 
which was not good. Our former Pastor replied, 
warning us against him. He was not sound in the 
faith, and had caused divisions and troubles in every 
church he had served. The nominating committee 
brought the Session a similar report. Mr. Whyley's 
friends formed a strong party, but fortunately our 
Session was not divided. The feeling became so 
strong that the Session had an interview with Mr. 
Whyley, and told him that he was disturbing the 
peace of the church; that the Session could not 
recommend nor nominate him; and even if he were 
called he would have a divided church. We ac- 
knowledged that we had no charges to bring 
against him, but were convinced he could not serve 
this church to edification. He replied that was an 
opinion others did not share, and that w^hen elected 
he would know how to manage refractory Elders 
and a disappointed minority in the congregation. 
He intended to rem.ain until after the congrega- 
tional meeting. Many of our people became 
alarmed at the lack of harmony and the unholy 
excitement in our church, and som^e of Mr. Why- 
ley's warmest advocates began to see his real char- 
acter and condemned his behavior. The Session 
at last was advised to call a meeting of the congre- 
gation and to state plainly why we could not nom- 
inate Mr. Whyley, but to be careful not to imply 

207 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



any charge against him. One of the Elders pro- 
posed that, as the nominating committee had a can- 
didate whom they could recommend in every way 
suitable to be the Pastor, the Session place him. 
Rev. Mr. Butler, in nomination and let the congre- 
gation decide between them. To this the committee 
objected that it would not be fair to Mr. Butler, 
and might prevent his cordial election and accept- 
ance; it would also make a distinct issue which 
would increase the party spirit now in the church. 
It was finally determined to call the congregational 
meeting, to simply state that the Session at this 
time had no nomination to make. 

When the congregation met, the silence of the 
Session and the Trustees was significant. We de- 
clined to give a reason for our silence. We had 
been asked to call the meeting, and they who had 
made the request were probably prepared to make a 
nomination. When the Moderator, Rev. Mr. Alex- 
ander, put the usual question, Is this congregation 
ready to proceed to the election of a Pastor? only 
ten answered in the affirmative. Several speeches 
were made in regard to our past harmony and the 
importance of maintaining it. The desirability of 
obtaining a Pastor at once was often referred to, 
and the Session was asked whether it would, in the 
near future, be ready to nominate one. Our senior 
Elder said that it was nearly ready to do so. The 
desire seemed to increase, and one of the most 
earnest of Mr. Whyley's supporters suggested that 
the Session have leave to retire and see if a nomina- 
tion could not be made that evening. Rev. Mr. 

208 



VACANT CHURCH 



Alexander, the Elders, and the nominating com- 
mittee then retired, after a jNIr. Hopewell was placed 
in the chair. We soon returned, and reported that 
a Minister had been very highly recommended b\' 
several persons. All inquiries had resulted favor- 
ably, two separate sub-committees had visited his 
present charge, and all they had seen or heard had 
increased their desire to secure him. One of these 
sub-committees was authorized to confer with him, 
and found him much attached to his people and 
work, and at first very unwihng to consider the 
question of any change. He had consented to 
spend a Sabbath with us, at our convenience, if it 
could be arranged without committing him, or dis- 
turbing his own church. On request, we mentioned 
his name, Rev. ^Xlr. Butler, and read the letters we 
had received, and the members of the sub-commit- 
tee made verbal statements of their experiences in 
their visitation. The lady members related their im- 
pressions of him, of his interest in the Sabbath 
school, and his wife's influence in the church. Many 
questions were asked and answered. We stated 
that we had not intended to mention his name until 
the congregation had an opportunity of hearing 
him, and he had given some hope that he might 
accept a call. It was resolved, that the congrega- 
tion was prepared to proceed to the election of a 
Pastor. When the ballots were counted, it was 
found that Mr. Butler was elected and that only four 
votes had been cast for Mr. Whyley, and two for 
other persons. One of the four moved that the 
election be made unanimous. This was carried. 

209 



THE RULING ELDER AT WORK 



The salary and vacation were made the same, as for 
our last Pastor. The members of Session and the 
Trustees were appointed to sign the call in behalf 
of the congregation. Elder Dr. Perkins and Mr. 
Oakes, the President of the Board of Trustees, were 
selected commissioners to communicate with Rev. 
Mr. Butler, and to prosecute the call. All seemed 
much delighted with the result and the restored 
harmony of the church. Rev. Mr. Whyley left 
town early the next morning. 

Rev. Mr. Butler was much surprised and grati- 
fied. He could, however, give no encouragement 
until he had conferred with his Session and ascer- 
tained by a visit more about our church and its 
condition. He also stipulated, that after he had 
preached for us, the congregation should be free to 
withhold the call, as he would be unwilling to ac- 
cept if there should be any opposition. He came, 
and gave very general satisfaction, and arrange- 
ments were soon made for the action of Presbytery 
and his installation. The ladies and the Young 
People's Association had the manse cleaned and 
refitted. The Trustees undertook to engage 
packers to remove his furniture, and to defray the 
travelling expenses of the family. When they 
arrived a committee conveyed them to the manse, 
where everything was in readiness for them and tea 
on the table. The next day a welcome reception 
was given to the whole family in the parlors of the 
church. 



2IO 



INDEX 



Absentees 

from communion, 44. 
from judicatories, 23, 122, 
168. 

from services, 45, 53. 
Alliance, Presbyterian, 138, 183. 
Amendments to the Constitu- 
tion, 184. 
Appeals 

for benevolence, 106. 
judicial, 166, 178. 
notice of, 133, 135. 
and complaints, 133. 
courts of, 132, 166, 178, 188. 
papers of, 163. 
from Moderator's decision, 
127. 

Assembly Herald," 86. 
Auditors, 89. 

Baptism, 32, 48, 50, 55, 142. 

and Elders, 51, 57. 

mode of, 32. 

private, 56. 

Romish, 32, 54. 

and Session, 32, 49, 143. 

sponsors in, 53. 

vows in, 50, 56. 
Baptized members, 51, 66. 

disciplined, 68. 

dismissed, 59. 

21 



Baptized members 

and the Sabbath school, 67. 
and the Session, 27, 37, 57, 67. 
roll of, 66. 

and Lord's Supper, 37, 69. 
Benevolence, 85, 90. 
Bible, 7, 73. 
Birth membership, 31. 
Board of Education, 149, 158. 
Board of Trustees, 20, 93. 
Boards, 81, 85, 92, 187. 
Boys' Brigade, 84. 

Call to office, 5. 
Call of pastor, 114. 
Candidates for the ministry, 39, 
148. 

and Board of Education, 149, 

152, 156. 
and Elders, 151, 155. 
examination of, 149. 
after graduation, 160. 
licensed, 171. 

practical instruction of, 151, 
157. 

preaching, 137. 

and Presbytery, 39, 151. 

roll of, 156. 

in vacation, 159. 
Candidates for Pastor, 202, 206. 
Certificates, 33, 60, 145. 



INDEX 



Charges and specifications, 121. 

against judicatories, 179. 
Charters, 93, 108. 
Choirs, loi. 

Christmas festivals, 112. 
Church 

finances, 100. 

grievances, 198. 

meetings of, 13, 200. 

property of, 93. 

purity and peace, 9, 11. 

troubles, 116, 119, 196. 

unity of, 10, 196. 

vacant, 194, 200. 
" Church at Home and Abroad," 
85. 

Citations, 122, 190. 
Clerks, 13. 

Collections, 85, 88, 90, 97, 105. 
Commissions, 127, 166, 179. 

judicial, 166, 168. 
Commissioners, 181. 
Committees, 168, 176, 184. 

on commissions, 183. 

on nominations, 114. 

of prosecution, 112, 136, 163, 
170, 178. 

on supplies, 114. 
Comm.unicants 

class, 29. 

absent, 44, 53. 

demitted, 62. 

dismissed, 45, 59, 64. 

dropped, 45, 61. 

and Elders, 2, 7, 44. 

received, 29, 33, 37, 39. 

restored, 54. 

roll of, 44. 

and Standards, 7, 30. 



Communicants 

suspended, 45, 53, 63, 130. 

welcomed, 31, 43. 

vows of, 12, 18. 
Communion, 40. 

private, 41. 

wine at, 41, 176. 
Complaints, 133, 134, 179. 
" Confession of Faith, * 7, 184. 
Confession of guilt, 130. 
Congregation 

charter of, 93, 108. 

cited, 190. 

commissioners of, 107. 

districted, 26. 

meetings of, 208. 

vows of, 18. 
Congregationalism, 9. 
Constitution amended, 184. 
Contumacy, 128. 
Correspondence, 183. 
Council, 123, 178. 
Courts of appeal, 132, 166, 178, 
188. 

Credibility of witnesses, 126. 

Deacons, 3, 20, 27, 40, 91. 
Deathbed repentance, 141, 143. 
Delegates, 161, 170, 177. 

expenses of, 96, 164, 174. 
Demission, 39, 62. 
Discipline, 8, 119. 

object of, 120. 

in Pastor's absence, 145. 

with process, 120. 

without process, 45, 63, 

subjects of, 68. 
Dismission 

of absentees, 45, 46, 60. 



INDEX 



Dismission 

of baptized, 59. 

certificates of, 59, 64. 

of communicants, 59. 

of officers, 63. 
Dissent, 134. 
Districts, 17, 26. 

Elders 

absent, 23. 

advisors of Pastor, 116, iSS. 
and the baptized, 37, 57. 
and candidates, 39, 151, 155. 
on committees, 68, 176, 184. 
and Deacons, 20, 27. 
and discipline, 119, 131. 
districts of, 17, 26. 
elected, 13, 15. 
and funerals, 140. 
and General Assembly, 184. 
installed, 18. 
and Lord's Supper, 40. 
meetings of, 113, 169. 
and music, loi. 
nominated, i, 14. 
and offences, 119. 
ordained, 18. 

and Pastor, 19, 23, 27, 115, 

138, 188, 198. 
permanent, 14, 16. 
in Presbytery, 165. 
qualifications of, 5. 
representatives of people, 3, 

24. 

rotar^', 13, 16. 

and Sabbath school, 27, 70, 

76. 

and sacraments, 33. 
in Session, 20. 



Elders 

and Standards, 7. 

in Synod, 174, 

and Trustees, 196. 

and troubles, 196. 

and ushers, 28. 

of vacant church, 195, 200. 

visitation of, 27, 141. 

vows of, 6. 

and Young People's Associa- 
tions, 80. 
Eldership, 2, 13, 15. 
Electors, 15, 109, 192. 
Entertainment fund, 187. 
Envelope plan, 97. 
Expenses 

of church, 100, 105. 

of commissioners, 187. 

of delegates, 96, 164. 

of Moderator, 195. 

of prosecuting committee, 
164. 

Family pew, 98. 
Farewell sermon, 199. 
Finances, 100, 105. 
Foreign Missions, 87. 
" Form of Government," 8. 
Free pews, 8. 
Funerals, 139, 148. 

General Assembly, 181. 
and benevolence, 85, 90. 
and Boards, 187. 
committee of, 184. 
commissioners to, 181, 183. 
and Constitution, 184. 
and correspondence, 183. 
court of appeal, 178. 

13 



INDEX 



General Assembly 

expenses of, 187. 

first, 182. 

Moderator of, 183. 

and Seminaries, 186. 

and Standards, 184. 
Grievances, 178, 179. 

Home Missions, 86. 
Hymn books, loi. 

Infant baptism, 50, 55. 
Infant membership, 31. 
Infant salvation, 55. 
Installation, 18. 
Intemperance, 145. 

Judicial business, 25, I2T. 
Judicial commissions, 166, 178. 
Judicial process, 123. 
Jurisdiction, 34, 39, 45. 

King's Daughters, 83. 

League, Westminster, 80. 
Library, 76. 

Lighting the church, 96. 
Local Evangelist, 154. 
Lord's Supper, 40. 
in private, 41. 

Meetings 

of church, 13, 108. 

of congregation, 107, 109, 

192, 207. 
of General Assembly, 181. 
of Presbytery, 193. 
of Session, 17, 22, 43, 47, 

144, 188. 



Meetings 

of Synod, 174. 
Ministers, 2, 15, 39, 190. 
Mission bands, 84, 87, 92. 
Mission boxes, 91. 
Missionary societies, 85. 
Moderator, 13, 22, 24, 127, 194. 
Monthly concerts, 85. 
Music, loi. 

Narrative of religion, 163. 
Nomination of Elders, i, 14. 
Notice of appeal, 133, 135. 

Offences, 119. 
Offender, 119. 
Officers 

of congregational meeting, 13, 
192. 

of Sabbath school, 70, 

and Standards, 7. 
Ordination, 18, 171. 

vows, 6, 12, 18. 
Original parties, 134, 136, 163, 
178. 

Overtures, 159. 

Parlors, 104. 
Pastor 

called, 109, 209. 

candidates for, 202. 

dissatisfaction with, I17, 197. 

grievances of, 198. 

prerogatives of, 33. 

procured, 188, 196, 202. 

and pulpit, 139. 

resignation of, 178. 

and Sabbath school, 70, 80. 

salary of, 198. 

14 



INDEX 



Pastor 

transferred, 190. 

vacation of, 138. 

visitation of, 27, 148. 
Pastoral relation, 195. 
Pews, 98. 
Picnics, III. 
Pleas, 124, 130. 
Pledges, 78. 
Polity, 158. 

Prayer meetings, 81, 169. 
Presbyterian Alliance, I S3. 
Presbyterianism, 8, 9. 
Presbytery, 161, 181. 

and appeals, 166. 

candidates, 177. 

commissions of, 166. 

delegates to, 161. 

first, 181. 

and license, 171. 

meetings of, 161, 171. 

ordain, 172. 

and overtures, 159. 

records of, 135. 

and vacant churches, 195 
Prizes, 74, 112. 
Profession of faith, 29, 37. 
Proportional giving, 90, 99, 
Prosecuting committee, 121, 

163, 170, 178. 
Protest, 134. 

Pulpit supplies, 194, 201. 

Quorum 

of commissions, 167. 
of Session, 22. 

Reception 

of baptized, 29, 31. 

of communicants, 29, 31. 



Reception 

of Sabbath school children, 74. 
Records, 16, 21, 180, 135. 
References, 134. 
Reports, no, 187. 
Reserved list, 45. 
Resignations, 71, 188. 
Restoration, 131. 
Review and control, 135, 179. 
Ritualism, 73, 
Romish baptism, 32, 54. 

Sabbath school, 70. 
building, 104. 
changes in, 75. 
lesson helps, 73. 
library, 76. 
music, loi. 
object of, 77. 
officers of, 70. 
prayer meeting of, 77. 
reception of scholars, 74. 
retaining scholars, 73. 
teachers' meeting, 72, 75. 
teachers' substitutes, 141. 
vacation, 140. 

and Young People's Associa- 
105. tion, 78, 80. 

136, Sacraments, 40, 91. 
Salary of Pastor, 198. 
Salvation of infants, 55. 
Session 

and baptism, 51, 55, 143. 
and baptized members, 51, 66. 
and Boards, 85. 
and candidates, 148. 
and collections, 85. 
and communicants, 18, 29, 44, 
59. 64, 119. 

215 



INDEX 



Session 

delegates of, i6i. 
meetings of, 22, 43, 45, 113, 

144, 188. 
Moderator of, 22, 24, 127, 194 
and music, loi. 
nominations by, I. 
and property, 94. 
quorum of, 22. 
records and reports of, 163. 
and Sabbath school, 70, loi 
140. 

and Sacraments, 33, 

and superintendent, 70. 

and trustees, 93, 95, 103, 105 

of vacant churches, 194, 200. 

and Young People's Associa 
tions, 78, 80. 
Sewing societies, 91. 
Sin, the unpardonable, 48. 
Singing class, 103. 
Societies of young people, 78. 
Standards, 7, 30, 184. 
Stated supply, 203. 
Strangers welcomed, 98. 
Superintendent, 70. 
Sustentation Fund, 177. 
Synod, 174, 182. 

and appeals, 178. 

and Boards, 177. 

committees of, 176. 

commissions of, 178. 

delegates to, 170. 

and Elders, 171, 174, 177. 

meetings of, 174. 
time and place, 175. 

Moderator of, 175. 

overtures and, 178. 

and Presbytery, 178. 



Synod 

and Sustentation Fund, 177. 

Teachers' meeting, 72. 
Teachers' substitutes, 140. 
Temperance, 40, 81. 
Testimony, 122. 
Theological Seminaries, 153. 

155, 158, 186. 
Tithes, 90, 99. 

Titles of General Assembly, 182. 
Trustees, 93, 97, 100, 105, 108. 

Unity of the church, 10, 196. 
Unpardonable sin, 48. 
Use of property, 93. 
Ushers, 28, 98. 

Vacant church, 194, 200, 208. 
Vacation 

of pastor, 138. 
of Sabbath school, 140. 
Visitation 

by children, 74. 
by committees, 114, 188, 201. 
by Elders, 27, 141. 
Vows, 6, 12, 18, 79. 

Welcome of strangers, 98. 
Westminster League, 80. 
Wine at communion, 41, 176. 
Witnesses, 122. 
Women, 81. 

Boards, 86, 187. 
prayer meetings, 81. 
presiding, 79. 

Women's TemperanceUnions, 
81. 

Young people's societies, 78, 80. 
216 



V 



